Estimates of extant liverwort species range from 4,500 to 9,000, with estimates in the past decade converging on 5,000 to 6,000. Potential problems and pitfalls of deriving species estimates are addressed, including binomial accumulation, the impact of synonymy, taxonomic inflation, the impact of unrevised species-rich genera, species concepts and cryptic species. We present a revised mean esti...

Semantic networks have been used successfully to explain access to the mental lexicon. Topological analyses of these networks have focused on acquisition and generation. We extend this work to look at models that distinguish semantic relations. We find the scale-free properties of association networks are not found in synonymy-homonymy networks, and that this is consistent with studies of child...

The topicality of this article, carried out in line with the research “eternal” object linguistics — synonymy, is determined by its weak investigation translation aspect. subject study criteria for equivalence various types synonyms belle-lettres context. purpose article to attempt a comprehensive, reasoned and generalizing coverage dependence ways transmitting synonymous meanings accordance th...

Based on examination of type specimens a crane fly species Tipula (Vestiplex) hugueniniana Alexander, 1971 is proposed as junior synonym of Tipula (V.) wahlgrenana Alexander, 1968. The new synonymy is based on similarity of male genitalia.

After examining syntypes of Onthophagus cervicornis Kirby, 1825, previously considered to be a synonym of the North American Onthophagus striatulus (Palisot de Beauvois, 1809), we confirm the true identity and new synonymy under South Asian Onthophagus dama (Fabricius, 1798).

While paradigmatic lexical/sense relations are traditionally used to analyse the between lexical items, present article adopts a descriptive qualitative method, based on Cruse’s (2000) classification of relations, find identity and inclusion two items in different texts by using logical entailment relation. The aims at finding out whether or not can be substituted another without changing their...

The visualisation of taxonomic hierarchies has evolved from indented lists of names to techniques that can display thousands of nodes and onto hundreds of thousands of nodes over multiple taxonomies. However, challenges remain within multiple hierarchy visualisation, and for taxonomic hierarchy visualisation in particular. Firstly, at present, there is no support for handling specific taxonomic...