the arabic grammarians call the “main preposition + genitive noun” and an “adverb” a “prepositional phrase”. for prepositional phrases to assimilate into the sentence structure and fulfill their roles, they should have a specific connection and link to another part of the sentence. this link is called “attachment” and that part is named “attached phrase”. consequently, a prepositional phrase ca...

The chairman’s statement of the corporate annual report plays an important role in informing decision-making investors. Thus, it is often targeted at international audience. present study compares syntactic complexity translated statements (Chinese to English) and non-translated ones (English), determine that translation conveying message. results show are significantly simpler subordination as...

BACKGROUND The search for susceptibility genes in autism and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been hindered by the possible small effects of individual genes and by genetic (locus) heterogeneity. To overcome these obstacles, one method is to use autism-related subphenotypes instead of the categorical diagnosis of autism since they may be more directly related to the underlying susceptibility...

Duanmu (2000) proposed that tonal languages, such as Chinese, follow the same Compound and Nuclear Stress Rules (Chomsky & Halle, 1968) for phrasal stress as English. This study investigates the acoustic correlates of contrastive stress between compound words and verbal phrases in Mandarin Chinese. We focused on the durational, fundamental frequency, and intensity correlates of stress within mi...

In this paper we present a rule-based method of event extraction from the natural language. We use the Stanford dependency parser in order to build a relation graph of elements from input text. This structure along with serialized extraction frames is converted into a set of facts. We describe a process of creation of application of rules, which aims to match elements from the text with corresp...

The hypokinetic dysarthria of Parkinson's disease (PD) has been described extensively. In contrast, patterns of hesitation and the language structure in spontaneous speech of the PD patient have not been investigated, although several studies have shown language-related abnormalities in word naming, word generation, and verbal recall. In the present study, 10 male Parkinson's patients and 10 no...

Traditionally, the prosodic domain as has been called ‘foot’ in Mandarin Chinese is considered to be derivable from the application of Tone 3 sandhi rule. This study investigated the internal prosodic grouping of Chinese trisyllabic structures by examining multiple cues in parallel – tone coarticulation, tone sandhi application and consonant lenition. Analyses by tone coarticulation and consona...

BACKGROUND Spatial communication consists of both verbal spatial language and gesture. There has been minimal research investigating the use of spatial communication, and even less focussing on people with aphasia. AIMS The aims of this exploratory study were to describe the frequency and variability of spatial language and gesture use by three participants with aphasia in comparison to nine ...

This module explores the connection between statements that involve probabilities and those phrases used for evidentiary purposes in the courts. We begin with Jack Weinstein, a federal judge in the Eastern District of New York, and his views on the place that probability has in litigation. Jack Weinstein may be the only federal judge ever to publish an article in a major statistics journal; his...