this paper examines the causal relationship between stock prices and macroeconomic aggregates in iran, by applying the techniques of the long–run granger non–causality test proposed by toda and yamamoto (1995). we test the causal relationships between the tepix index and the three macroeconomic variables: money supply, value of trade balance, and industrial production using quarterly data for t...

Development economists argue that trade protection reduces industrial sector efficiency, mainly through the distortion in relative prices, increased market power, x-inefficiency and inefficient scales of production. Nevertheless there is no convincing evidence on the link between trade reforms and improvement in economic performance. This work examines the case of Uruguay, an economy that intro...

trade linearization according to scale, composite, and technology effects, changes the environment quality. on the other hand, trade liberalization, increases capital flow in the world. based on pollution haven hypothesis, polluted intensive industries move from the countries with stringent environmental policies to those with more relaxed environmental policies. in order to evaluate the effect...

The paper investigated the effect of investment promotion (IP) on foreign direct investment flow (FDI) into Ghana. Cointegration among the variables was established using auto regressive distributed lag (ARDL) models in the presence of a mix of I (0) and I (1) variables. The control variables, inflation and trade openness were statistically significant in the short run. Whilst inflation exerted...

The five marketing strategies of Alibaba have accelerated its development and helped to distinguish itself in the field of e-trade in the world. Firstly this paper reviews Alibaba’s development, then analyzes its five marketing strategies and the creditability it has attached importance to. Finally it provides some proposals for its future development after the global financial crisis. Keyword:...

This study attempts to examine empirically dynamic causal relationships between carbon emissions, energy consumption, income, and foreign trade in the case of Turkey using the time series data for the period 1960-2005. This research tests the interrelationship between the variables using the bounds testing to cointegration procedure. The bounds test results indicate that there exist two forms o...

This paper develops an evolutionary trade network game (TNG) that combines evolutionary game play with endogenous partner selection. Successive generations of resource-constrained buyers and sellers choose and refuse trade partners on the basis of continually updated expected payo®s. Trade partner selection takes place in accordance with a modi ̄ed Gale-Shapley matching mechanism, and trades are...

Trait-based approaches to community structure are increasingly used in terrestrial ecology. We show that such an approach, augmented by a mechanistic analysis of trade-offs among functional traits, can be successfully used to explain community composition of marine phytoplankton along environmental gradients. Our analysis of literature on major functional traits in phytoplankton, such as parame...

The trade-off between reproductive investment and lifespan is the single most important concept in life-history theory. A variety of sources of evidence support the existence of this trade-off, but the physiological costs of reproduction that underlie this relationship remain poorly understood. The Free Radical Theory of Ageing suggests that oxidative stress, which occurs when there is an imbal...

In this paper a reinforcement learning methodology for automatic online algorithm selection is introduced and empirically tested. It is applicable to automatic algorithm selection methods that predict the performance of each available algorithm and then pick the best one. The experiments confirm the usefulness of the methodology: using online data results in better performance. As in many onlin...