This essay aspires to explore the contours of a theory value based on commons. Its starting point is an understanding as means through which empirical economic phenomena are guided by underlying structure. Value understood way people’s actions become meaningful them within broader social whole defined said We approach digital commons such whole, articulated distinct practices, emerging within, ...

a difference in salt concentration in two solutions separated by a membrane leads to an electrical potential difference across the membrane, also without applied current. a literature study is presented on proposed theories for the origin of this membrane potential (ϕm). the most well-known theoretical description is teorell-meyer-sievers (tms) theory, which we analyze and extend. experimental ...

We study the limit distribution of upper extreme values of i.i.d. exponential samples {ei}i=1 as t →∞, N →∞. Two cases are considered: (A) ess sup X = 0 and (B) ess sup X = ∞. We assume that the function h(x) = − log P{X > x} (case B) or h(x) = − log P{X > −1/x} (case A) is (normalized) regularly varying at ∞ with index 1 < % < ∞ (case B) or 0 < % < ∞ (case A). The growth scale of N is chosen i...

Value iteration is a popular algorithm for finding near optimal policies for POMDPs. It is inefficient due to the need to account for the entire belief space, which necessitates the solution of large numbers of linear programs. In this paper, we study value iteration restricted to belief subsets. We show that, together with properly chosen belief subsets, restricted value iteration yields near-...