Local authorities are well placed to realise co-benefits of integrated local energy systems; however, in the UK they have no statutory mandate. Planning and developing clean discretionary, persistent budget reductions, combined with lack strategic direction from government for more localised provision, limit capacity, expertise resources. Nevertheless, some led initiatives but been unable stimu...

Prevention of unhealthy lifestyles has sometimes been promoted as simultaneously reducing costs and improving public health but this will unlikely prove to be true. Additional medical costs in life years gained due to treatment of unrelated diseases may offset possible savings in related diseases, but are often ignored both in health promotion policies and in economic evaluations of life-prolon...

Antimicrobial stewardship is recognized as a key component to stop the current European spread of antimicrobial resistance. It has also become evident that antimicrobial resistance is a problem that cannot be tackled by single institutions or physicians. Prevention of antimicrobial resistance needs rigorous actions at ward level, institution level, national level and at supra-national levels. C...