Fuzzy Description Logics (fuzzy DLs) have been proposed as a language to describe structured knowledge with vague concepts. In [23], a solution based on Mixed Integer Linear Programming has been proposed to deal with fuzzy DLs under Łukasiewicz semantics in which typical membership functions, such as triangular and trapezoidal functions, can be explicitly represented in the language. A major th...

Most query languages are designed to retrieve information from databases containing precise and certain data using precisely specified commands. Due to the advancements in various kinds of data repositories in the recent years, there is a steep increase in complex queries. Most of the complex Queries are uncertain and vague. The existing Structured Query Language exhibits its inefficiency in ha...

A Boolean logic-based evaluation of a database query returns true on match and false on mismatch. Unfortunately, there are many application scenarios where such an evaluation is not possible or does not adequately meet user expectations about vague and uncertain conditions. Consequently, there is a need for incorporating impreciseness and proximity into a logic-based query language. In this wor...

Foreign language tutors have some conversation strategies to help learners to successfully finish a learning session. But these strategies are generally described by vague linguistic terms so that they cannot be easily transformed to a computational model. Therefore, this study presents a fuzzy logic-based method that considers learner's proficiency level and difficulty of system responses toge...

Almost every theory of vagueness shares at least one feature: it uses, and in most cases heavily relies on, some kind of normative predicate (or predicates) in its metalanguage. Metalinguistic normative predicates are discussed chiefly by supervaluationists and other defenders of higher-order vagueness. According to this group of theorists, the existence of higher-order vagueness depends on and...

If systems are capable of understanding natural language, communications between humans and systems will be very e cient. However, natural language are often very vague and/or inaccurate, and it has been very di cult to construct a capable system. This paper presents a system which can understand linguistic instructions given by a human operator and extract the intentions from the linguistic in...

This  paper  focuses  on  some  pragmatic  expressions  that  are  characteristic  of  informal  spoken English, their possible equivalents in some other languages, and their use by EFL learners from different  backgrounds.  These  expressions,  called  general  extenders  (e.g.  and  stuff,  or something), are shown to be different from discourse markers and to exhibit variation in form, funct...