The concept of Value Creation is gaining momentum in Iran under the open regime. Iranian Companies are geared to understand and act upon the concept of Shareholder Value to stay competitive in this unfathomable and volatile environment. Most executives today understand that, the need to create shareholder value is paramount and the world’s most competitive management teams are responding to the...

In this paper we analyse nonparametric methods to estimate risk measures in loss distributions. We study kernel estimation for Value-at-Risk and Tail Value-at-Risk based on transformation of the original data. The proposed method consists of a double transformation kernel estimation. We show that a suitable bandwidth selection criterion has a direct expression for the optimal smoothing paramete...

In recent years, there has been significant growth in consumption of commodities in virtual social worlds, such as Second Life, and in the economies that arise from this practice. While these economic systems have been acknowledged and studied, there remains relatively little understanding of the reasons why individuals choose to purchase such goods, despite the fact that reasons for consumptio...

In this paper, we set out to examine how individual and organizational benefits are created in virtual communities characterized by competitive relationships. Drawing insights from value theory, we argue that individual benefits arise from the use value/satisfaction that users gain from their participation in such communities, whereas organizational benefits are derived from the aggregate monet...