botulinum toxin (bt) is a potent presynaptic neuromuscular blocking agent which induces selective, reversible muscle weakness for months when injected intramuscularly.during recent years bt has revolutionized the treatment of previously intractable symptoms of detrusor overactivity. based on a systematic search of the pubmed database,a review of the current literature on the use of onabotulinum...

foreign bodies in lower urinary tract may present in a different number of ways. we report four cases of such unusual presentation. physical examination and plain radiograph was sufficient enough to confirm our diagnosis in all cases. the cases belonged to different age groups and three out of four cases were managed by open surgical approach. one foreign body was removed using cystoscope. prom...

showed serum creatinine (sCr) 7.5mg/dl, urea 280mg/dl, sodium 139mEq/l, potassium 6.8mEq/l, calcium 0.98mmol/l, phosphorus 8.6mg/dl and creatine kinase 602 234 IU/l. Haematological examination showed the presence of leukocytosis (16.7 10/l) only, with no anaemia (haemoglobin 13.7mg/dl) or thrombocytopaenia (456 10/l). Fractional excretion of sodium was 0.8% and the urinary excretion of potassiu...

The aim of this study was to determine whether definite diet changes affect adrenocortical activity and/or adrenal androgen metabolism. A controlled experimental diet study with four consecutive diet periods (repeated measure design) was carried out in six healthy adult volunteers. Four nearly isoenergetic diets, two normal (N) moderately protein-rich, one protein-rich (P), and one low protein ...

We examined the time course and extent to which central and peripheral mechanisms contribute to the short-term effects of a 500-mg oral dose of a-methyldopa on supine mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, and total peripheral resistance, as well as its effects on total urinary excretion of norepinephrine and its metabolites, in five subjects with essential hypertension. Total peripheral resis...

diabetes is characterized by a nitric oxide deficiency at the wound site. diabetes is a factor that influences all stages of wound healing. in animals with acute experimental diabetes induced by streptozotocin (stz), the early inflammatory responses after wounding is impaired, fibroblast and endothelial cell proliferation is reduced as well as accumulation of reparative collagen and gain in wou...

the sources of output growth of iranian agriculture over the years 1986-2001 has been examined, using a decomposition method within the input-output (io) framework. the three comparable io tables of 1986, 1991, and 2001 have been employed as the main data sources. output changes from a demand side perspective, and decomposition of the growth of output into components attributable to consumption...

Urinary catheters are commonly placed in ED patients to manage urine output, provide bladder drainage, and facilitate the care of patients with unstable hemodynamics. Many of these patients are admitted to the hospital for treatment, and the catheter may remain in place for days or during the entire time of hospitalization. There are risks associated with the use of urinary catheters. They can ...