BACKGROUND Household water treatment (HWT) can improve drinking water quality and prevent disease if used correctly and consistently by vulnerable populations. Over 1.1 billion people report treating their water prior to drinking it. These estimates, however, are based on responses to household surveys that may exaggerate the consistency and microbiological performance of the practice-key facto...

We hypothesized that nutrient concentrations in streamwater within different landuse areas may be influenced by near-stream groundwater. We sampled streamwater and near-stream groundwater at 8 urban and 5 non-urban locations monthly from December 2000 through December 200 1 in urbanizing Johnson Creek watershed in Portland, Oregon. We compared soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus...

Sustainable approaches to water management require broad community acceptance of changes in policy, practice and technology, which in turn, requires an engaged community. A critical first step in building an engaged community is to identify community knowledge about water management, an issue rarely examined in research. To address this, we surveyed a representative sample of Australian adults ...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount and quality of water in the Magdalena-Eslava river system and to propose alternatives for sustainable water use. The system is the last urban river in the vicinity of Mexico City that supplies surface water to the urban area. Historical flow data were analyzed (1973-2010), along with the physicochemical and bacteriological attributes, documenting...

Many millions of urban dwellers are excluded from formal systems of water and sanitation service delivery. Without access to piped water and acceptable sanitation services, households and individuals are forced to use limited supplies of water, often of poor quality, from unreliable sources and usually at a high cost. Safe sanitation and the means to practice hygienic behaviours are often entir...

We investigated physical, chemical, and biological variables contributing to biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) in 17 North Carolina lotic and lentic water bodies affected by mild to severe hypoxia. Phytoplankton production created the dominant reservoir of labile carbon driving BOD, and subsequent hypoxia, in a Piedmont river subject to algal blooms, three urban streams, a set of anthropogenicall...

The main urban issue that sub-Saharan Africa is facing is rapid growth in its urban population without the urban governance structures in place that can meet their responsibilities and manage the change. This has created very large deficits in infrastructure and service provision which exposes much of the urban population to high levels of risk. Without competent, effective and accountable urba...

The purpose of this paper is to classify the LISS-III satellite images into different classes as agriculture, urban and water body. Here pixel based classification is used to classify each pixel of the satellite image as belonging to one of those three classes. To perform this classification, a neural network back propagation technique is used. The neural network consists of three layers: Input...