Few studies have examined heat vulnerability on a sub-metropolitan area level. This paper presents an analysis of heat vulnerability across Ohio (USA) on a county level. Each county is classified as ‘urban’, ‘suburban’, or ‘rural’. Four different criteria defining what is meteorologically ‘oppressive’ are evaluated individually. Each of these criteria is associated with an increase in mortality...

High resolution satellite images are now important data sources for map update in urban areas. Digital surface models (DSM) acquired by laser scanning are also becoming popular for urban planning and other applications. This paper deals with the integration of data sets of these types. An Ikonos image of an urban area was oriented, with sub-pixel accuracy, using the DSM as ground control, in or...

This paper develops a set of quantitative variables to characterise urban forms at the metropolitan level and, in particular, to distinguish compactness from ‘sprawl’. It first reviews and analyses past research on the definitions of urban form, compactness and sprawl, and corresponding quantitative variables. Four quantitative variables are developed to measure four dimensions of urban form at...

INTRODUCTION In developing countries, measles was a major cause of morbidity and mortality before the wide spread use of measles vaccine. The purpose of this study was to describe measles burden in an urban setting, Addis Ababa- since the implementation of measles case-based surveillance in Ethiopia. We analyzed measles surveillance data for 2004 -2014. METHODS Incidence of measles was descri...

This study describes the tuberculosis situation in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, Amazonas State, Brazil, from 1997 to 2002. The county, which has a predominantly Indian population, is a relevant tuberculosis area in Amazonas, since the infection rate is 2.4 to 4 times that of the overall State and national rates. The statistical analyses used to assess its association with age, gender, and clinical...

BACKGROUND Health services can only be responsive if they are designed to service the needs of the population at hand. In many low and middle income countries, the rate of urbanisation can leave the profile of the rural population quite different from the urban population. As a consequence, the kinds of services required for an urban population may be quite different from that required for a ru...

The predominant pattern of cardiovascular diseases in sub-Saharan Africa is that of poverty-related conditions (rheumatic heart valve disease, untreated congenital heart disease, tuberculous pericarditis) and diseases of unclear aetiology with a higher prevalence in this part of the world (peripartum cardiomyopathy, endomyocardial fibrosis). However, the prevalence of the traditional risk facto...

Research in the area of sustainable urban infrastructure reflects the need to design and manage engineering systems in light of environmental, economic, social and technical considerations. In the water sector, the main challenge for the engineer is the development of practical tools for measuring and enhancing the sustainability of urban water infrastructure over its life cycle. The present st...

Empirical results characterizing the joint statistical properties of the local azimuth spread (AS), the local delay spread (DS), and the shadow (slow) fading component are presented. Measurement data from typical urban, bad urban, and sub urban (SU) environments have been analyzed. It is found that a log-normal distribution accurately fits the distribution function of all the investigated param...

Field Surveys of diabetes and other non communicable disease (NCD) (hypertension, coronary heart disease) are increasingly being performed in both developed and developing countries [1]. Recent studies have shown that the prevalence of diabetes is very high among migrant Asian Indians [2] and is also rising very rapidly within the Indian sub continent [3]. Indeed, recent World Health Organisati...