Common signal transduction mechanisms, generally referred to as histidine-to-aspartate (His-to-Asp) phosphorelays (or two-component regulatory systems), are involyed in a wide variety of cellular responses to environmental stimuli.i} Such a His-toAsp phosphorelay system generally consists of two or more common signal transducers; a sensor with histidine (His)-kinase activity, a histidine-contai...

A sequel to these authors' earlier comprehensive reviews which covered the field of mammalian membrane guanylate cyclase (MGC) from its origin to the year 2010, this article contains 13 sections. The first is historical and covers MGC from the year 1963-1987, summarizing its colorful developmental stages from its passionate pursuit to its consolidation. The second deals with the establishment o...

background: human umbilical cord blood (hucb) is an acceptable and readily accessible source of stem cells. there is an ongoing interest in cord blood stem cell therapies; however, little is known about the possible unfavorable effects of laboratory modifications on the isolated hucb cells. the involvement of mirnas in several biological processes has been shown. the aim of this study was to ev...

The prototypical (Class I) sensory histidine kinase is comprised of a ligand binding domain coupled to an autokinase domain (Figure 1A). Ligand binding causes activation of the catalytic autokinase domain which hydrolyses ATP and autophosphorylates a conserved histidine residue located in a sub-domain of the histidine kinase. Transfer of this high energy phosphoryl group to a conserved aspartat...

Histidine-aspartate phosphorelays are employed by two-component signal transduction family proteins to mediate responses to specific signals or stimuli in microorganisms and plants. The RedCDEF proteins constitute a novel signaling system in which four two-component proteins comprising a histidine kinase, a histidine-kinase like protein, and two response regulators function together to regulate...