Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the most versatile tropical evergreen tree species known in India since the Vedic period (1500 BC-600 BC). Neem tree is a rich source of limonoids, having a wide spectrum of activity against insect pests and microbial pathogens. Complex tetranortriterpenoids such as azadirachtin, salanin and nimbin are the major active principles isolated from neem se...

Fossils of a predatory dinosaur provide novel information about the evolution of unenlagiines, a poorly known group of dromaeosaurid theropods from Gondwana. The new dinosaur is the largest dromaeosaurid yet discovered in the Southern Hemisphere and depicts bizarre cranial and postcranial features. Its long and low snout bears numerous, small-sized conical teeth, a condition resembling spinosau...

fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum l.) has a long and respected history of medicinal uses in middle east and persian medicine. the hypocholesterolaemic and hypoglycaemic effects of fenugreek were attributed to its major steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin and its major alkaloid, trigonelline. the knowledge of diosgenin and trigonelline biosynthesis is derived from studies of cholesterol and nicoti...

The recruitment of seedlings from seeds is the key demographic transition for rain forest trees. Though tropical forest mammals are known to consume many seeds, their effects on tree community structure remain little known. To evaluate their effects, we monitored 8,000 seeds of 24 tree species using exclosure cages that were selectively permeable to three size classes of mammals for up to 4.4 y...

We consider the use of reranking as a way to relax typical independence assumptions often made in hierarchical multilabel classification. Our reranker is based on (i) an algorithm that generates promising k-best classification hypotheses from the output of local binary classifiers that classify nodes of a target tree-shaped hierarchy; and (ii) a tree kernel-based reranker applied to the classif...

Nowadays, data are generated massively and rapidly from scientific fields such as bioinformatics, neuroscience and astronomy to business and engineering fields. Cluster analysis, as one of the major data analysis tools, is therefore more significant than ever. Here, we propose an effective Semi-supervised Divisive Clustering algorithm (SDC). Data points are first organized by a minimal spanning...

Relational database systems are highly efficient hosts to table-shaped data. It is all the more interesting to see how a careful inspection of both, the XML tree structure as well as the W3C XQuery language definition, can turn relational databases into fast and scalable XML processors. This work shows how the deliberate choice of a relational tree encoding makes the XML data model—ordered, unr...

In this paper, we present a system towards recognition of Bangla pincode numerals for Indian postal automation. In the proposed system, at first, using structural features the broken numerals are joined. Next combining Neural Network (NN) and tree classifier based approach the numerals are recognized. Considering similar shaped numerals at first, NN classifies the 10 numerals into six groups. N...

Periodical cicadas (Magicicada spp.) are insect herbivores that feed on host tree roots, but their distribution among hosts is determined largely by the oviposition of female cicadas in the previous generation. A pattern of decreasing tree growth rates with increasing cicada densities is predicted when considering the costs of chronic root herbivory, but the opposite pattern is expected when co...