The scaling relationship between height and diameter is important for understanding the dynamic patterns of tree growth and estimating the accrual of tree biomass. Metabolic ecology predicts that tree growth follows a universal scaling invariant relative to the height-diameter relationship (i.e., no variation based on taxonomy or resource availability). Comparing field data for different tree s...

A large proportion of Norway’s land area is occupied by the forest-tundra ecotone. The vegetation of this temperature-sensitive ecosystem between mountain forest and the alpine zone is expected to be highly affected by climate change and effective monitoring techniques are required. For the detection of such small pioneer trees, airborne laser scanning (ALS) has been proposed as a useful tool e...

Bent trees have been observed during the early years in juvenile plantations (less than 5 years-old) of Tectona grandis in Costa Rica. The relationship between bending and the morphological characteristics of the trees was explored. An evaluation of bent trees was conducted in six juvenile plantations (8, 17, 27, 28, 31, and 54 months old) of Tectona grandis. Site 1 with 8-month-old plantations...

Terrestrial vegetation plays a central role in regulating the carbon and water cycles, and adjusting planetary albedo. As such, a clear understanding and accurate characterization of vegetation dynamics is critical to understanding and modeling the broader climate system. Maximum tree height is an important feature of forest vegetation because it is directly related to the overall scale of many...

We consider the computer generation of random binary search trees with n nodes for the standard random permutation model . The algorithms discussed here output the number of external nodes at each level, but not the shape of the tree. This is important, for example, when one wishes to simulate the height of the binary search tree . Various paradigms are proposed, including depth-first search wi...

Disrupted vegetation is often used as an indicator for landslide activity in forested regions. The extraction of irregular trees from airborne laser scanning data remains problematic because of low quality of observed data and paucity of field data validation. We obtained high density airborne LiDAR (HDAL) data with 180 points m -2 for characterizing tree growth anomalies caused by landslides. ...

First, we present a simple algorithm which, given a sorted sequence of node values, can build a binary search tree of minimum height in O(N) time. The algorithm works with sequences whose length is, a priori, unknown. Previous algorithms [1-3] required the number of elements to be known in advance. Although the produced trees are of minimum height, they are generally unbalanced. We then show ho...

The height (as in [3] and [4]) of a point in a rooted tree is the length of the path (that is, the number of lines in the path) from it to the root; the total height of a rooted tree is the sum of the heights of its points. The latter arises naturally in studies of random neural networks made by one of us (N.J.A.S.), where the enumeration of greatest interest is that of trees with all points di...

An ordered tree with height h is b-balanced if all its leaves have a level ` with h − b ≤ ` ≤ h, where at least one leaf has a level equal to h− b. For large n, we shall compute asymptotic equivalents to the number of all b-balanced ordered trees with n nodes and of all such trees with height h. Furthermore, assuming that all b-balanced ordered trees with n nodes are equally likely, we shall de...