BACKGROUND We used the introduction of free bus travel for young people in London in 2005 as a natural experiment with which to assess its effects on active travel, car use, road traffic injuries, assaults, and on one measure of social inclusion, total number of trips made. METHODS A controlled before-after analysis was conducted. We estimated trips by mode and distances travelled in the prei...

A novel microactuated micro-XYZ stage with large travel distance and fine positioning capability has been demonstrated using the surface-micromachming technology. The micro-XYZ stage consists of three inplane translation stages driven by integrated scratch drive actuators. Two vertically stacked 45" micromirrors in orthogonal directions are employed to achieve vertical beam adjustment without u...

Desert ants, Cataglyphis, navigate in their vast desert habitat by path integration. They continuously integrate directions steered (as determined by their celestial compass) and distances traveled, gauged by as-yet-unknown mechanisms. Here we test the hypothesis that navigating ants measure distances traveled by using some kind of step integrator, or "step counter." We manipulated the lengths ...

In time-distance helioseismology, the time signals (Doppler shifts) at two points on the solar surface, separated by a fixed angular distance are crosscorrelated, and this leads to a wave packet signal. Accurately measuring the travel times of these wave packets is crucial for inferring the sub-surface properties in the Sun. The observed signal is quite noisy, and to improve the signal-tonoise ...

Wood Storks (Mycteria americana) were followed (n = 269) from their colony in east-central Georgia to foraging sites to examine the foraging travel strategies of these birds. Most sites were relatively close to the colony (median distance = 8.8 km) requiring short travel times (median time = 22.52 min). Directness ratios (total distance flown/direct distance) for 89 mapped foraging flights sugg...

INTRODUCTION Elementary school active transportation programs aim to address physical inactivity in children by prompting a modal shift from travel by car to walking or cycling among children living a distance from school conducive to walking or cycling. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the risk of injury related to walking, cycling and travelling by car between home and school amon...

Ground transportation of pigs at early ages is typical in modern swine production because the young animals are often produced in one part of the country and finished in another. One challenge associated with this practice is the profit-stripping incidence of mortality and compromised animal welfare due to stress stemming from unfavorable transporting conditions. The objective of this study was...

Cancer creates a tremendous financial burden. Cancer-related costs are categorized into direct, indirect, and psychosocial costs. Although there have been many reports on medical care costs, which are direct, those on other costs are extremely scarce. We estimated travel time and costs required for cancer patients to receive outpatient treatment. We studied 521 cancer patients receiving anti-ca...

BACKGROUND The management of cerebral aneurysms requires a significant level of expertise, and large areas of the country have limited access to such advanced neurosurgical care. The objective of this study was to examine the impact of longer travel distance on aneurysm management. METHODS Adult patients treated for cerebral aneurysms from January 1, 2013 to January 1, 2016, were retrospectiv...