Wireless sensors are currently widely applied in various industries. Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are a type of infrastructure for smart factories in the Industry 4.0 era. Indoor deployment planning for WSNs is vital in three-dimensional (3D) plant spaces. Planning for WSN installation requires considering the following factors: (a) fault tolerance, (b) scalability, (c) cost, (d) hardware co...

The ubiquity of synchronous generation should not be assumed in highly renewable power systems. Various problems may consequently arise: not least, the difficulties entailed in maintaining regional reactive power balance. Offering a potential solution to such problems, modern renewable generator technologies offer controllable reactive power resources. As many of these generators will be embedd...

This paper presents a method in expansion planning of transmission systems using the AC optimal power flow (AC-OPF). The AC-OPF provides a more accurate picture of power flow in the network compared to the DC optimal power flow (DC-OPF) that is usually considered in the literature for transmission expansion planning (TEP). While the AC-OPF-based TEP is a mixed-integer nonlinear programming prob...

this paper develops a model for distribution network expansion planning (dnep) considering reliability issues. with simultaneous switch placement and dnep, the proposed model tries to adequately consider the reliability issues in the planning stage in a way that the designed network has suitable performance from the reliability viewpoint. the reinforcement or installation of mv feeders and hv/m...

banks are one of the financial firms that different decisions are always minor system. an example of automation systems for human resources, finance, internal controls and so named. that is why banks are looking for a comprehensive system to integrate its activities are concentrated. so the enterprise resource planning system (erp) is one of the important applications of information technology ...

The distribution system is normally equivalent as a dynamic power injected at the interconnected transmission bus. This cannot unlock potential benefits of transmission–distribution interaction. To tackle this problem, paper proposes distributed stochastic optimization approach to simultaneously determine operation and planning. Uncertainties in systems are modelled using numbers typical scenar...

In this paper a new market Based approach for transmission expansion planning in deregulated power systems is presented. Restructuring and deregulation has exposed transmission planner to new objectives and uncertainties. Therefore, new criteria and approaches are needed for transmission planning in deregulated environments. In this paper we introduced a new method for computing the Locational ...

Abstract This paper formulates and solves a techno-economic planning problem of reactive power (VAR) in transmission systems under loadings. The objective the proposed research work is to minimize combination installation cost sources, losses operational while satisfying technical constraints. Initially, positions for placement sources are determined technically. Different components such as VA...