abstract target-oriented approaches to translation studies are regarded as recent theories of translation. one of the most famous theories among these approaches is descriptive translation studies presented by toury (1995). this theory gives a new dimension to translation studies and gives importance to the descriptive rather than prescriptive studies. it also identifies three sets of transla...

the major purpose of this study was to develop the translation teacher competency test (ttct) and examine its construct and predictive validity. the present study was conducted in two phases: a qualitative phase as well as a quantitative phase. in the first phase of the study, the author attempted to find out the major areas of competency required for an academic translation teacher. the second...

aim of this study was to examine factorial invariance of the 20-item Positive and Negative Affect Schedule-Farsi version (PANAS) among male and female university students. A total of 371 undergraduate students (183 males and 188 females) at Shahid Beheshti University completed the Farsi version of the PANAS. First, two-factor model consisted on positive and negative affect were applied to the t...