Hexyl butyrate, a green note flavour compound, is widely used in the food industry. The ability of immobilised lipase (Lipozyme IM-77) from Rhizomucor miehei to catalyse the transesterification of hexanol and tributyrin was investigated in this study. Response surface methodology (RSM) and five-level-five-factor central composite rotatable design (CCRD) were employed to evaluate the effects of ...

This study explores the potential of titanium oxide impregnated on calcium oxide (CaO-TiO2) as catalyst in transesterification of vegetable palm oil (VPO) to produce biodiesel. The biodiesel yield increased with catalyst calcination temperature and reaction time, and the usage of CaO-TiO2 led to higher biodiesel production when compared to reaction catalyzed by CaO. Biodiesel yield of 93.33% wa...

Abstract. Biodiesel production from waste such as wastewater sludge, palm oil mill effluent and dairy provide more sustainable approach greener energy. This paper analyzes the kinetic modelling for biodiesel scum via microwave heating transesterification. The results this study show that transesterification of is a first order which defines dependent on concentration one reactant linearly. acti...

The transesterification reaction, and in particular the methanolysis of ethyl acetate with sulfuric acid as catalyst, is used as a model reaction to study the acid-catalyzed nucleophilic addition to a carbonyl group. Continuum solvation methods (SMD and IEF-PCM) and the MPWB1K functional are used. The reaction mechanism is studied in methanol and in acetonitrile as solvents. Our results indicat...

The object of research is the process chemical transesterification palm olein with increased oxidation indicators in presence potassium glyceroxide catalyst. Transesterification an important method fat modification. use fats leads to deactivation common catalysts and a decrease efficiency process. There need increase dosage catalysts, temperature, which negatively affects product quality. An al...

This thesis describes methods to obtain value–added compounds from TMPturpentine obtained from the spruce, Picea abies. The methodology focuses on biotransformations using two approaches: an oxygenation approach (i.e. oxygenation of terpene hydrocarbons by cell cultures) and an esterification approach (i.e. lipase-catalysed transesterification of vinyl acetate with terpene alcohols, and a furth...

Problem Statement: The research on the production of biodiesel has increased significantly in recent years because of the need for an alternative fuel which endows with biodegradability, low toxicity and renewability. Plant oils, animal fats, microalgal oils and waste products such as animal rendering, fish processing waste and cooking oils have been employed as feedstocks for biodiesel product...

We provide a molecular description of key intermediates in the deletion of two internal eliminated sequences (IES elements), the M and R regions, during macronuclear development in Tetrahymena thermophila. Using a variety of PCR-based methods in vivo, double-strand breaks are detected that are generated by hydrolytic cleavage and correspond closely to the observed chromosomal junctions left beh...

Homogeneous catalysis is relevant for biodiesel fuel synthesis; however, it has the disadvantage of difficult separation catalyst. In present work, heterogeneous was applied rapeseed oil transesterification with methanol, while snail shells were used as a CaO content in catalyst investigated. Transesterification reactions carried out laboratory reactor, ester yield analyzed using gas chromatogr...