The prevalence of iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is predominant in women and children especially in developing countries. The disorder affects cognitive functions and physical activity. Although oral iron supplementation and parenteral therapy remains the preferred choice of treatment, gastric side effects and risk of iron overload decreases adherence to therapy. Transdermal route is an establish...

PURPOSE Traditionally, oral estrogens have been used for hormone replacement therapy. However, in Japan, additional estrogen formulations have been used, including transdermal patches and transdermal gels. The latter have a unique commonality with cosmetics because both of them are applied to the skin. Beauty care is one of the most important lifestyle factors for women, and it has been reporte...

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of transdermal and oral routes of diclofenac for postoperative pain management in patients undergoing dental implant placement. Twenty systemically healthy, partially edentulous patients who required dental implants bilaterally in the mandibular first molar region were included. While the patient was under local anesthesia, an implant...

Most of the therapeutic agents are recommended through an oral route, but oral route has disadvantages like first pass metabolism, liver toxicity, etc, due to gastrointestinal pH. This leads poor bioavailability of drugs, which are not stable in G.I pH. To overcome this problem, increase the bioiavailibility, reduce the dose and dose dumping Transdermal delivery system is better option as novel...

delivery of exogenous materials such as nucleic acids, peptides, proteins, and drugs into cells is an important strategy in modern cellular and molecular biology. recently, the development of gene carriers for efficient gene transfer into cells has attracted a great attention. furthermore, lack of effective drug delivery is one of the major problems of cancer chemotherapy. many physical methods...

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Globally, ADHD affects approximately 5–10% of children and persists into adolescence in up to 85% of affected individuals. Psychostimulants, such as methylphenidate and amfetamine, are the mainstay of treatment in ADHD. A patch that delivers methylphenidate transdermally (methylpheni...

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of 24-h transdermal nicotine patches on sleep and dream mentation in 15 smokers aged 20 to 33. Utilising a repeated measures design, it was found that more time awake and more ASDA micro-arousals occurred while wearing the nicotine patch compared to placebo. Also, the percentage of REM sleep decreased, but REM latency and the proportion of time ...

This paper introduces a chitosan microneedle patch for efficient and sustained transdermal delivery of hydrophilic macromolecules. Chitosan microneedles have sufficient mechanical strength to be inserted in vitro into porcine skin at approximately 250 μm in depth and in vivo into rat skin at approximately 200 μm in depth. Bovine serum albumin (BSA, MW=66.5 kDa) was used as a model protein to ex...

The main clinical features of Parkinson’s disease are tremor, muscular rigidity, akinesia (inability to move), and postural instability. Other features of the disease include changes in gait, mask-like face, micrographia (progressively smaller handwriting), and psychiatric symptoms; depression occurs in 50% of patients over the course of their illness. The diagnosis is made by clinical symptoms...

The aim of this research was to formulate a matrix-type transdermal therapeutic system containing drug ciprofloxacin with different ratios of hydrophobic (ethyl cellulose) polymer by solvent evaporation technique, using 15% w/w of dibutyl phthalate to the polymer weight, incorporated as plasticizer. Different concentrations of isopropyl myristate were used to enhance the transdermal permeation ...