PURPOSE To identify if isolated surgical violation of the orbital septum predisposes to "middle lamellar" scarring and subsequent postblepharoplasty lower eyelid retraction. METHODS A retrospective review of patients who underwent transconjunctival blepharoplasty in either a postseptal (orbital septum undisturbed) or preseptal (septal incision required) plane was performed. Patients undergoin...

To the Editor: Approaches to the craniofacial skeleton have been developed to provide good surgical access and to obtain cosmetically favorable scars. The zygomatic complex and the orbit present a significant concern for postoperative scars because of their prominent visibility on the face. A zygomaticomaxillary orbital complex fracture may require exposure of the zygomatic buttress through the...

PURPOSE The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency and reliability of the 23-gauge (23G) transconjunctival vitrectomy system and examine possible complications of this surgical technique in a variety of vitreoretinal conditions along with early postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) changes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 350 eyes of 324 patients having undergone 23G transconjunct...

A b s t r a c t In this paper, we briefly discuss the dynamic and functional approach to computer symbolic tensor analysis. The ccgrg package for Wolfram Language/Mathematica is used to illustrate this approach. Some examples of applications are attached.

In this article, we propose a fuzzy class relation assigning to each pair of finite fuzzy sets a degree to which they are equipollent, which indicates that they have the same number of elements. The concepts of fuzzy sets and fuzzy classes in the class of all countable sets are introduced, and several standard relations and constructions, such as the fuzzy power set and exponentiation, are defi...