This discussion is divided into two parts. The first, which addresses takings of private water rights, makes the following points: government regulation of private property for a public purpose, such as protection of species, raises important constitutional questions concerning whether a compensable “taking” of private property has resulted. This section discusses the property and liberty inter...

Private enforcement, or litigation, has played a historic role in protecting public health in the United States. Litigation is often employed as a means to protect public health when government regulation is absent or ineffectual. Litigation has been successfully employed to control both asbestos and tobacco and is poised for success in combating the obesity epidemic. Litigation is effective be...

The strongly discussed EUData Retention directive 2006/24/EC released in 2006 requires the operators of publicly accessible electronic communication networks to retain traffic and location data for various services provided in order to serve the investigation, detection, and prosecution of serious crime. In this paper, we focus on the regulations of the directive in the areas of Internet access...

backgrounds and aims: using geographical information system (gis) can decreases the burden of road traffic injuries effectively by identification of hot spot to modification in hazardous areas. the aim of the study was determining geographical distribution of human risk factors associated with road traffic injuries by using geographical information system (gis) in iran. materials and methods: t...

The microwave leakage from current microwave ovens, which are manufactured to meet government emission standards, is reviewed. Typical leakage values imply exposure values well below the most conservative exposure standards in the world. A review of recent developments discloses increasingly stringent government regulation along with advances in techniques for suppression of microwave leakage. ...

Community forestry offers potential for socioeconomic benefits while maintaining ecosystem services. In Mexico, government and donor efforts to develop this sector focus on issues within forest communities. Often overlooked are effects of external non-government actors (NGOs and foresters) as links or barriers between communities and funding, capacity building, and technical support. To analyze...

We examine the effects of urban rail transit on on-road carbon emissions in 90 Chinese cities, taking a structural equation modeling approach. Urban theoretically helps mitigate overall transport-sector by absorbing part vehicular traffic demand or generating traffic-diversion effects. However, its net contribution is obscure, given potential traffic-creation effects, since improved access can ...

The growing number of vehicles leads to increasingly intense and congested traffic, which will additionally put demand on the braking system, drivers behave more aggressively. As a result, system must be durable efficient. For this purpose, study behavior in conditions moderate traffic is required increase safety participants—respectively, demonstrate need for frequent replacement some elements...

At the turn of the last century, allies of industry on the Supreme Court deployed a novel constitutional doctrine to thwart government regulations aimed at improving public health and safety. During the Lochner v. New York era, the Supreme Court discovered a right to “freedom of contract” in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that advanced the “economic liberty” of businesses to...