Decision making in the WTO has become ever more difficult as the number of members increases and the range of issues tackled broadens. This paper looks at reasons why aspects of decision-making might be changed and discusses a number of potential pitfalls that change would have to avoid, such as a dilution of commitments and fragmentation of the multilateral trading system. It then takes a deta...

MANY RENAL transplant candidates with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) have bladder or ureterovesicular junction dysfunction, and without modification these candidates are considered to be poor candidates for renal transplantation (RT). Currently, many of these patients undergo urological reconstruction or repair before their transplant such as with ureteral undiversion to a previously dysfunctio...

We carry out a detailed sensitivity analysis of border carbon adjustment (rates) by applying a global Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) GTAP7-based model. We find different incentives for the regions in the climate coalition to raise carbon-based border tax rates (BTAX) above the standard rate that mimics an equalisation of carbon prices across regions. Herein, the strategic use of BTAX (the...

to explain the strategic plan to achieve a new islamic civilization in its various fields and dimensions, a general and scientific structure must be exploited which in accordance with facts of existence from the universe and of human being. this research believes that this general structure along with its entire steps, resources and the foundations of every single one of those steps has been di...

Drug trade-related violence has escalated dramatically in Mexico during the past five years, claiming over 40,000 lives. This study examines how drug traffickers’ economic objectives influence the direct and spillover effects of Mexican policy towards the drug trade. By exploiting variation from close mayoral elections and a network model of drug trafficking, the study develops three sets of re...

Abstract: We examine the impact on inter-regional trade in eastern U.S. electricity markets arising from the FERC-supported creation of Independent System Operators (ISOs). Our analysis focuses on the PJM ISO (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and other states) and its trade with the New York ISO and ECAR (East Central Area of Reliability). The formation of ISOs has been associated with two d...

diversion dams in order to raise the water level of river and conveys of water into the main canal irrigation network is designed. if the dimensions of different parts of the diversion dam be considered large, stability will be supplying, but due to the increase volume of materials, construction costs will be more. design engineer must choose sections of dam that had least amount of materials a...

The breathtaking pace of global economic integration owes in large part to the globalization of economic thought embodied in general free market principles. Cautionary tales of the perils of free trade are often just that, cautionary. Most such authors are not against free trade per se; instead they attempt to draw attention to the need for the creation of institutions that can support such trade.