Spraying systems to protect crops against pests are still necessary maintain food production at the rates demanded by current population. However, today, it is crucial use precision agriculture reduce negative effects of pesticides and other agrochemicals such as fungicides. In particular, pressure fluctuations related transient states when using pulse-width-modulated nozzles (PMW) have been re...

Abstract Farmers will often have a single tractor which they use for many different types of farmwork. A alone does not do any work, it is essentially always paired with, powering, and/or moving something else, an implement mounted on its front or rear. It particularly common in Europe, where there are small regional manufacturers, that farm contains tractors and implements from companies. The ...

In this paper we relate the Fefferman–Graham ambient metric construction for conformal manifolds to the approach to conformal geometry via the canonical Cartan connection. We show that from any ambient metric that satisfies a weakening of the usual normalisation condition, one can construct the conformal standard tractor bundle and the normal standard tractor connection, which are equivalent to...

The foldable roll-over protective structure (FROPS) protects the operators against fatal injuries in tractor accidents. However, a rear-mounted FROPS is often folded down or removed. In present study, accessible zones and grasping areas were redesigned adapted to 5th, 50th, 95th European human anthropometric percentiles enhance its correct comfortable use. Then, rod was proposed as design solut...

Automatic control of agricultural vehicles has been a research goal for many years. Previous attempts have failed largely due to sensor limitations. With the advent of modern GPS receivers, a single low-cost sensor has been synthesized in which centimeter-level position and attitude measurements of the vehicle state are available using Carrier-Phase Differential Global Positioning System (CDGPS...

We propose several schemes to realize a tractor beam effect for ultracold atoms in the vicinity of a few-mode nanowaveguide. Atoms trapped near the waveguide are transported in a direction opposite to the guided mode propagation direction. We analyse three specific examples for ultracold (23)Na atoms trapped near a specific nanowaveguide (i.e. an optical nanofibre): (i) a conveyor belt-type tra...

In a ®eld trial (1985±1996) on a sandy loam soil the effects of tractor traf®c and fertilisation on earthworm populations were investigated. The tractor traf®c treatments compared normal farm practice (`normal') with reduced tractor traf®c (`low'). In the fertilisation treatments, three different cattle-manure management methods were compared. The cattle manure was applied as diluted slurry, as...

We evaluated the ability of the natural, plant-derived acaricides nootkatone and carvacrol to suppress Ixodes scapularis Say and Amblyomma americanum (L.) (Acari: Ixodidae). Aqueous formulations of 1 and 5% nootkatone applied by backpack sprayer to the forest litter layer completely suppressed I. scapularis nymphs through 2 d. Thereafter, the level of reduction gradually declined to < or =50% a...

The use of precision agriculture technologies such as automatic boom section control allows producers to reduce off-target application when applying herbicides. While automatic boom section control provides benefits, pressure differences across the spray boom resulting from boom section actuation may lead to off-rate application errors. Off-rate errors may also result from spray rate controller...