PID control is used everywhere—in cellular phones, vehicles, process control, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, machine tools, and motor drives. Many PID controllers are found in cars, for example, in engine, cruise, and traction control. PID control is also embedded in instruments like atomic force microscopes and adaptive optics. Because of their widespread use, it is difficult to preci...

The paper suggests a case of radical correction scoliosis complicated with syringomyelia. They were expounded stages operative treatment of spine without using neurosurgical methods of CNS decompression. The study concludes that at absence of pronounced disturbances of the motor sphere in the initial neurologic status of the patients, and in the absence of stable deterioration in the neurologic...

The force balance between the extracellular microenvironment and the intracellular cytoskeleton controls the cell fate. We report a new (to our knowledge) mechanism of receptor force control in cell adhesion originating from friction between cell adhesion ligands and the supporting substrate. Adherent human endothelial cells have been studied experimentally on polymer substrates noncovalently c...

This paper presents the modeling of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor and its application with Vector Control technique under different operating condition such shaping, cutting, grinding or shearing require constant torque, irrespective of speed. Other application in cranes and conveyors handling constant weight of material per unit time, in pumps, screw conveyors, compressors and ball mills,...

We present the extremely unusual case of a 5-year-old boy with a bifocal (cervical as well as lumbar) spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormalities (SCIWORAs). The MRI showed cord oedema at the level of C2 and T10. We propose that during the motor vehicle crash severe propulsion of the head with a flexed lumbar region resulted in a traction injury to the lower thoracic and lumbar spine ...

The speed profile of the train will be determined according to criteria such as safety, travel convenience, and the type of electric motor used for traction. Due to the passengers and cargo on the train, the electric train load is constantly changing. This will require reassigning the speed controller’s parameters of the electric train. For this purpose, the Gravitational Search optimization Al...

In terms of preventing global warming and conserving natural resources, automobiles are playing an increasingly critical role. To reduce the CO2 produced by automotive vehicles, fuel efficiency must be improved while cleaning exhaust gases as well as ensuring safety. At Toyota Motor Corporation, solving environmental issues has been being one of our most important tasks, and this focus enabled ...

Recently, Inner Permanent Magnet (IPM) Synchronous Motors are known as a good candidate for hybrid electric vehicle traction drive application due to their unique merits like little volume, light weight, high efficiency and power factor and high reliability. However, behavior of this motors is quite depending on airgap length. This paper discusses the effect of airgap variation on d-q equivalen...

In modern electric vehicles, electrical failure has become a critical problem that reduces the lifetime of traction motors. Moreover, motors with high-voltage and high-speed systems for high power density have been aggravating shaft voltage problems. This study identifies direct-oil-cooling exacerbate this problem. To address this, an analytical method calculating parasitic capacitance is propo...

Functional assessment of animals following experimental cerebral ischemia is often difficult due to the passive nature of many neurologic exams. We attempted to increase the objectivity of motor function evaluation by adapting quantifiable behavioral tests and actively testing rats' motor capability following a cerebral ischemic insult. It was hypothesized that active testing would reveal motor...