The recent paper by McRobbie et al. (1) is the first prospective study addressing toxicological exposure directly in e-cigarettes (ECs) users. This study adds key information about harm potential of e-vapour products and gets away from the controversial toxicological findings that have been generated in recent laboratories studies because of experimental protocols that do not mimic realistic co...

Hormesis is a dose-response phenomenon that has received little recognition, credibility and acceptance as evidenced by its absence from major toxicological/risk assessment texts, governmental regulatory dose-response modeling for risk assessment, and non-visibility in major professional toxicological society national meetings. This paper traces the historical evolution of the hormetic dose-res...