An integrated life-cycle assessment and life-cycle cost analysis model was developed and applied to enhance the sustainability of concrete bridge infrastructure. The objective of this model is to compare alternative bridge deck designs from a sustainability perspective that accounts for total life-cycle costs including agency, user, and environmental costs. A conventional concrete bridge deck a...

T_e high proportion of feed costs in total operating expenses (1,2,6) indicates that the utilization of feed by the birds is closely related to the profitability of >oultry operations. The relationship between feed conversion (expressed as a ratio between weight units of feed consumed per weight unit of product) and profitability (defined as an increment .of total income over total costs) is es...

Data from youth studied by Zagar and colleagues were randomly sampled to create groups of controls and abused, delinquent, violent, and homicidal youth (n=30 in each). Estimated costs of raising a nondelinquent youth from birth to 17 yr. were compared with the average costs incurred by other youth in each group. Estimates of living expenses, direct and indirect costs of victimization, and crimi...

In Turkey, there is inadequate data about the direct or indirect cost of community acquired pneumonia (CAP). This study aims to identify the clinical, laboratory, and radiological properties, direct hospital costs of CAP, and the factors that affect these costs. Grouping of the subjects and cost analysis were evaluated in accordance with Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI) and 'Turkish Thoracic Soci...

Variables influencing total direct medical costs in inflammatory bowel diseases include country, diagnosis (generally, patients with Crohn's disease generated higher costs compared with patients with ulcerative colitis), and year since diagnosis. In all studies the mean costs were higher than the median costs, which indicates that a relatively small group of the most severely ill patients signi...

OBJECTIVE Our objective was to compare all-cause and stroke- and bleed-specific healthcare costs among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) treated with dabigatran or warfarin. METHODS Administrative claims data from the MarketScan® Databases for 2009-2014 were used. Patients with NVAF newly treated with dabigatran were matched 1:1 to those treated with warfarin. All-cause an...

In this paper, the problem of two-machine flow shop scheduling to minimize total energy costs under time-of-use tariffs is investigated. As the objective function of this study is not a regular measure, allowing intentional idle-time can be advantageous. So this study considers two approaches, one for non-delay version of the problem and the other one for a situation when inserting intentional ...

predicting the maintenance and management costs and replacement age of tractors in agricultural mechanized units, is important from several points. so, doing a timely agricultural operations, more accurate measure of the amount of income  including the cost of these items , determining the useful life of old tractors , replacement age, cost of the process changes and the possibility of examinin...

in this paper, the distribution network for multi-level supply chain has been studied. products produced in factories are sent to customers through warehouses and distribution centers based on specific demands. warehouses as holding inventory facilities are located close to factories and the distribution centers are placed in the most accessible locations for services near customers. each item ...

OBJECTIVES Physicians may be aware of at least 2 types of costs when prescribing: patient's out-of-pocket costs and the actual costs of the medication. We evaluated physicians' perceptions about relevant costs for prescription drugs and the importance of communication about these costs. STUDY DESIGN Mailed survey to a random sample of 1200 physician members of the California Medical Associati...