Existing anonymous communication systems like Tor do not scale well as they require all users to maintain up-todate information about all available Tor relays in the system. Current proposals for scaling anonymous communication advocate a peer-to-peer (P2P) approach. While the P2P paradigm scales to millions of nodes, it provides new opportunities to compromise anonymity. In this paper, we step...

Tor is the most popular low-latency anonymity network for enhancing ordinary users’ online privacy and resisting censorship. While it has grown in popularity, Tor has a variety of performance problems that result in poor quality of service, a strong disincentive to use the system, and weaker anonymity properties for all users. We observe that one reason why Tor is slow is due to lowbandwidth vo...

The Dark Web, primarily Tor, has evolved to protect user privacy and freedom of speech through anonymous routing. However, Tor also facilitates cybercriminal actors who utilize it for illicit activities. Quantifying the size nature such activity is challenging, as complicates indexing by design. This paper proposes a methodology estimate both commercial on Web. We demonstrate this based crawlin...

Often people who may not personally express racist beliefs nevertheless have a passive orientation to racism and tolerate statements acts by others. We examine individual differences in willingness accept views or others, labelled tolerance of (TOR), four online survey studies (total N = 2,008). demonstrate that TOR is distinct from, although correlated with, established forms bias, such as sym...

The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase, a master regulator that is evolutionarily conserved among yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), plants, animals, and humans, integrates nutrient and energy signaling to promote cell proliferation and growth. Recent breakthroughs made possible by integrating chemical, genetic, and genomic analyses have greatly increased our understanding of the molecular functi...

African trypanosomes are protozoan parasites transmitted by a tsetse fly vector to a mammalian host. The life cycle includes highly proliferative forms and quiescent forms, the latter being adapted to host transmission. The signaling pathways controlling the developmental switch between the two forms remain unknown. Trypanosoma brucei contains two target of rapamycin (TOR) kinases, TbTOR1 and T...

The Tor network is periodically subject to Sybil attacks. Most of these attacks were not carefully executed and Tor directory authority operators were quick to detect and block the malignant relays. However, the Tor network lacks sophisticated tools to detect and protect against Sybil attacks. As a result, more advanced attacks could remain undetected. While there is a large body of work dedica...

The molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate ageing are currently under scrutiny because ageing is linked to many human diseases. The nutrient sensing TOR pathway is emerging as a key regulator of ageing. TOR signaling is complex affecting several crucial cellular functions and two such functions, which show clear effects on ageing, are protein synthesis and autophagy. In this article we...

Target of rapamycin (TOR) forms two conserved, structurally distinct kinase complexes termed TOR complex 1 (TORC1) and TORC2. Each complex phosphorylates a different set of substrates to regulate cell growth. In mammals, mTOR is stimulated by nutrients and growth factors and inhibited by stress to ensure that cells grow only during favorable conditions. Studies in different organisms have repor...

This paper analyzes latency and bandwidth drawbacks while using I2P to surf the Internet anonymously. Therefore tests are conducted utilizing scripts previously used to analyse the TOR network. The results gained in the tests for I2P are analysed and in a next step compared to previous results observed in TOR. The results show that I2P can only yield advantages to TOR when issuing simple HTTP-G...