Many applications of geospatial data in coastal environments require knowledge of the nearshore topography and bathymetry. However, because existing topographic and bathymetric data have been collected independently for different purposes, it has been difficult to use them together at the land/water interface owing to differences in format, projection, resolution, accuracy, and datums. As a fir...

We address the problem of extending topographic maps to color images. A topographic map gives a morphological and a geometrical representation of the information contained in natural images. Two approaches are presented and discussed. The first one is new and consists in defining a total order in IR3 in accordance with the human visual perception of shapes. This allows to define color topograph...

In all mammals, much of the neocortex consists of orderly representations or maps of receptor surfaces that are typically topographic at a global level, while being modular at the local level. These representations appear to emerge in development as a result of a few interacting factors, and different aspects of brain maps may be developmentally linked. As a result, evolutionary selection for s...

The lacking of 1:50000 topographic maps in western China is inconvenient to the national economic development. The rapid development of space technology, computer technology and information technology provides technological support for the remote sensing application. In addition, the enhancement of ability of obtaining hyper-resolution data provides data for feature extraction of ground objects...

The SOM has several beneficial features which make it a useful method for data mining. One of the most important features is the ability to preserve the topology in the projection. There are several measures that can be used to quantify the goodness of the map in order to obtain the optimal projection, including the average quantization error and many topological errors. Many researches have st...

In ordinary independent component analysis, the components are assumed to be completely independent, and they do not necessarily have any meaningful order relationships. In practice, however, the estimated "independent" components are often not at all independent. We propose that this residual dependence structure could be used to define a topographic order for the components. In particular, a ...

The simplest and most familiar number associated to a mountain peak is the elevation of its summit above sea level. However, absolute elevation often does not correlate well with the visual impressiveness of a peak, which has more to do with the amount of local relief and the steepness of the ‡anks of the peak. For example, the summit of Mount Elbert, the highest point in the Rocky Mountains, i...

We have recently investigated a family of algorithms which use the underlying latent space model developed for the Generative Topographic mapping(GTM) but which train the parameters in a different manner. Our first model was the Topographic Product of Experts (ToPoE) which is fast but not so data-driven as our second model, the Harmonic Topographic Mapping (HaToM). However the HaToM is much slo...

Cartographic and topographic mapping of the major satellites of the Outer Solar System has been in progress since the late 1980’s, beginning with Voyager image data, and incorporating Galileo and recently Cassini imaging data as released to the public. Global image mosaics, based on cartographic control nets, have been produced for all these satellites. In addition, digital topographic maps hav...

BACKGROUND A precise modular topographic-morphological (MTM) classification for proximal humeral fractures may address current classification problems. The classification was developed to evaluate whether a very detailed classification exceeding the analysis of fractured parts may be a valuable tool. METHODS Three observers classified plain radiographs of 22 fractures using both a simple vers...