Infants have long been known to have higher infectious diseases morbidity and mortality and suboptimal vaccination responses compared to older children and adults. A variety of differences in innate and adaptive immune responses have been described between these two groups. We compared Toll-like receptor (TLR)-induced production of pro-interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-...

The recently delineated role for IL-23 in enhancing Th-17 activity suggests that regulation of its expression is distinct from that of IL-12. We hypothesized that independent TLR-mediated pathways are involved in the regulation of IL-12 and IL-23 production by myeloid-derived dendritic cells (DCs). The TLR 2 ligand, lipoteichoic acid (LTA), the TLR 4 ligand, LPS, and the TLR 7/8 ligand, resimiq...

B cells activated by nucleic acid-sensing TLR7 and TLR9 proliferate and secrete immune globulins. Memory B cells are presumably more responsive due to higher TLR expression levels, but selectivity and differential outcomes remain largely unknown. In this study, peripheral blood human B cells were stimulated by TLR7 or TLR9 ligands, with or without IFN-α, and compared with activators CD40L plus ...

TLR and complement activation ensures efficient clearance of infection. Previous studies documented synergism between TLRs and the receptor for the pro-inflammatory complement peptide C5a (C5aR/CD88), and regulation of TLR-induced pro-inflammatory responses by C5aR, suggesting crosstalk between TLRs and C5aR. However, it is unclear whether and how TLRs modulate C5a-induced pro-inflammatory resp...

AIM Chronic exposure to indoxacarb and pulmonary expression of toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, healthy male Swiss albino mice (n=30) aging 8-10 weeks were used to evaluate TLR-9 expression in lungs of mice following indoxacarb exposure with and without lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Indoxacarb was administered orally dissolved in groundnut oil at 4 and 2 ...

Hepatic insulin resistance is a principal component of type 2 diabetes, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for its pathogenesis remain unknown. Recent studies have suggested that saturated fatty acids induce hepatic insulin resistance through activation of the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) receptor in the liver, which in turn transcriptionally activates hepatic ceramide synthe...

Background & Aims: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection is associated with peptic ulcer and gastric cancer. Polymorphisms of the genes coding Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may influence the innate and adaptive immune responses and affect the susceptibility to H. pylori or the disease outcomes. But the details and association to different polymorphis...

The DETOUR System is a novel percutaneous femoropopliteal bypass-like procedure for PAD patients with complex disease including long lesions, heavy calcification, and chronic total occlusions. Detour system uses standard endovascular techniques crossing device stent graft to create bypass. We report two-year safety effectiveness results of this innovative revascularization. DETOUR-2 IDE study p...

The Lipid A moiety of endotoxin potently activates TLR-4 dependent host innate immune responses. We demonstrate that Lipid-A mediated leukotriene biosynthesis regulates pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP)-dependent macrophage activation. Stimulation of murine macrophages (RAW264.7) with E. coli 0111:B4 endotoxin (LPS) or Kdo2-lipid A (Lipid A) induced inflammation and Lipid A was suff...