UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), as a potential alternative to UV/H2O2 in water treatment, may pose risk of increased disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and is great concern. In this paper, seven benzene derivatives, containing two chlorine-inert five chlorine-active compounds, were selected typical model DBP precursors, the effects medium pressure (MPUV/chlorine) on their chl...

The fate of organic nitrogen and carbon introduced into a swimming pool by pool users has been studied using a 2.2 m model pool. The study made use of a body fluid analogue, containing the primary endogenous organic amino compounds, and a soiling analogue represented by humic acid. The system was used to examine the effect of organic loading and organic carbon source (i.e. amino or humic acid) ...

Landfill leachate with a low BOD/COD ratio was electrochemically oxidized by means of a boron-doped diamond anode. In addition to organic matter removal, this study addressed the issue of formation of both chlorinated organic compounds and nitrate ions as a result of organic matter and ammonia and/or organic nitrogen electro-oxidation in the presence of chloride ions. A factorial design methodo...

Many AI problems, when formulated, reduce to evaluat ing the probabi l i ty that a preposit ional expression is t rue. In this paper we show tha t this problem is computat ional ly int ractable even in surpr is ingly restricted cases and even if we settle for an approx imat ion to this probabi l i ty . We consider various methods used in approximate reasoning such as comput ing degree of belief...

The objective of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the prevalence of self-reported respiratory, ocular and cutaneous symptoms in subjects working at indoor swimming pools and to assess the relationship between frequency of declared symptoms and occupational exposure to disinfection by-products (DBPs). Twenty indoor swimming pools in the Emilia Romagna region of Italy were included i...

BACKGROUND Birth cohort studies provide the opportunity to advance understanding of the impact of environmental factors on childhood health and development through prospective collection of environmental samples. METHODS We evaluated the feasibility and informative value of the environmental sample collection methodology in the initial pilot phase of the National Children's Study, a planned U...

The paucity of proper sanitation facilities has contributed to the spread of waterborne diseases in many developing countries. The primary goal of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of using a wastewater electrolysis cell (WEC) for toilet wastewater disinfection. The treated wastewater was designed to reuse for toilet flushing and agricultural irrigation. Laboratory-scale electrochem...