What is the difference between struggling for achievements and competing for success? What is the effect of competitions on a scientific field? What are the specific implications on TOC? In this opinionated essay, I address these questions and related issues, while rooting the discussion in an appropriate theoretical framework. On the style of this essay. This opinionated essay refers to the so...

Our work addresses the problem of predicting whether an essay is off-topic to a given prompt or question without any previouslyseen essays as training data. Prior work has used similarity between essay vocabulary and prompt words to estimate the degree of ontopic content. In our corpus of opinion essays, prompts are very short, and using similarity with such prompts to detect off-topic essays y...

What thesis is Hume trying to establish in his essay “On Miracles” (Section 10 of the Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding) and does he succeed? John Earman’s answer to the latter question is clearly conveyed by the title of his new book. Earman uses a Bayesian representation of the problem to make his case. For Earman, this mode of analysis is both perspicuous and nonanachronistic, in that p...

EDITORIAL INTRODUCTION. From mass incarceration to targeted policing: Introduction to the Special Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Richard Rosenfeld EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. Overview of “Imprisonment and crime: Can both be reduced?” . . . . . . 9 Steven N. Durlauf, Daniel S. Nagin RESEARCH ARTICLE. Impr...

Gérard Genette named any relationship between one text and other texts “Transtextuality” and divided it into five categories; including intertextuality, paratextuality, metatextuality, architextuality and hypertextuality. We have conducted a case study of four paintings of the Iranian contemporary painter, Aydin Aghdashloo by using the theory of “transtextuality”. These four artworks belong to ...

This paper was selected as the 2013 student essay winner by the Canadian Undergraduate Surgical Education Committee. The essay was in response to the question "How does rapid communications technology affect learning?"

This article examines the reliability and validity of the modified essay question. An 18-item modified essay question was developed and pretested on a group of clinical experts. After the pretest, the modified essay question was administered to a group of 25 physical therapy students immediately before their second level orthopedic placement. A reliability index of .39 (coefficient alpha) was c...

This retrospective study compared the performance of preclinical medical students in the multiple-choice question (MCQ) and long essay question components of a comprehensive physiology final examination. During the 3 yr analyzed, 307 students had an average score of 47% (SD 9.9) in the long essay questions and 64% (SD 9.9) in the MCQs. Regression analysis showed a significant correlation (r = 0...