from bygone to now, colors are aspects of nature that have been regarded scientists. in ancient greece, essence of color and its relationship with light and vision in natural philosophy and especially optics has been studied. results of greek thinkers in the field chromatics, from pythagoras to aristotle through of translating scientific and philosophical texts, received to muslim scholars and ...

I T IS A GREAT HONOUR TO HAVE BEEN ASKED TO deliver the Ninth Annual George R. Daicoff Lecture. I met Dr Daicoff 18 years ago, when I first attended a meeting of the Congenital Heart Surgeons’ Society. He had been one of the sixteen pioneers of congenital cardiac surgery who had founded that organization many years earlier. Some of the earliest contributions of Dr Daicoff date back to an era wh...

the present article is an attempt to study the appearance of asceticism and it’s development to mysticism ofter coming islamic religion.there are a lot of different views about the priority of asceticism to sufism or the priority of sufism to asceticism.the historical guidances prove that this evolution is accomplished from fear of god and his hell in to asceticism and abandonment of the life a...

In this paper we analyze Nordic long-run economic performance and wages by focusing on convergence (or divergence) over time among the Nordic countries and whether they converged toward the economic leaders, such as Europe, UK and USA, in particular time periods. Our first comparative mirror was the development of real GDP per capita from the early 19 century to 2010 – it seems that there was a...

medical education play an important role in health of people in 20st-century, but this system has to change overtime. medical education must respond to not only the demand of community at larg but also to changing in new technologies. medical education have been criticized in last two decades of 20st-century, because of producing too many specialists focus on treatment instead of health, insuff...

As historians begin to take the ‘global turn’ and to measure up the advantages of ‘big data’ history, it should not be a surprise that microhistory is if anything enjoying a revival. Contrary to the implicit assertion of David Armitage and Jo Guldi in their recent book, The History Manifesto, microhistory is not just a history of the very small, a recklessly antiquarian immersion in the tiny an...

Abstract Lead isotope compositions were determined for 18 metal objects from the archaeological site of Sant’Imbenia, NW Sardinia, dating to end ninth century BCE onwards. The provenance some is unambiguously traced SW Sardinia; other could derive either central Sardinia or Iberian coastal ranges. variety provenances attests a wide trade network that spanned entire island and extended sites.