During the second half of the twentieth century, a revolution began to develop as a result of the improved technology for the removal of impacted third molars. In particular, the development of high-speed rotary cutting instruments, improved surgical techniques, panoramic radiography, and improved local anesthesia, outpatient general anesthesia, and intravenous sedation combined to significantl...

The First Crusade was evoked by Anglo-Norman English historians throughout the 12th and into 13th Century. In first third of Century it recounted in detail three leading historians: Orderic Vitalis, William Malmesbury Henry Huntington. By middle Century, however, already being depicted less as an enterprise its own right more a backdrop for participation Robert, Duke Normandy. Robert himself fl...

thousand years in China and Japan; the earliest literary reference is in The Yellow Emperor’s book of internal medicine, dating from the second or third century BC. Acupuncture reached Japan in the sixth century of the Christian era, and was introduced into Europe by ten Rhijne (1683), who had learnt about it in Japan. As a therapy, it spread very slowly in Europe. The first European and Americ...

Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called ‘the century of gases’ (or ‘airs’, as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion ‘Air’, understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of ‘ai...

Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called 'the century of gases' (or 'airs', as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion 'Air', understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of 'ai...

Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called ‘the century of gases’ (or ‘airs’, as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion ‘Air’, understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of ‘ai...

The political history of the twentieth century was characterised by great variability in the social and political systems in both time and space. The initial trend was one of general growth in the size of hierarchical organizations (giant firms, internal and external growth of States) then reversed in the last third of the century with the universal return to the market mechanism, break-up of c...

Simulations of the last 500 yr carried out using the Third Hadley Centre Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere GCM (HadCM3) with anthropogenic and natural (solar and volcanic) forcings have been analyzed. Globalmean surface temperature change during the twentieth century is well reproduced. Simulated contributions to global-mean sea level rise during recent decades due to thermal expansion (the largest term...

eighteenth-century sexuality is beginning to emerge which takes us beyond the memoirs of Boswell. Historians of eighteenth-century medicine will find the volume especially interesting. Virtually every essay has some bearing on the history of medicine, for medical men occupied a vital position in the sexual marketplace. It was medical men who produced the serious and not-so-serious sexual litera...