endocrine hypothesis. For example, there must be in the population many men who have regularly donated blood every six months for many years. Obviously this is not equivalent to a monthly menstrual bleed. Nevertheless it would be interesting to see whether these men are in any way protected against coronary thrombosis as compared with a group of non-donors. (2) If true the concept would mean th...

Background: The cerebellum is the most important portion of the brain, which audits our acts and establishes balance. Symptoms from a cerebellar stroke happen suddenly. In addition to specific cerebellar signs and symptoms, other common symptoms of a cerebral stroke include dizziness, headache, nausea, vomiting, double vision, tremor, and vertigo. These symptoms can be confused with other situa...

This paper offers some rules of thumb that practicing social workers can use for case studies that aim to construct, albeit not fully and never entirely reliably, models designed to help predict what will happen if they intervene in specific ways to help this particular client, here and now. We call these 'ex ante case-specific causal models'. 'Ex ante' because they are for before-the-fact pred...

Modal expressions—expressions like ‘must’ and ‘can’—figure importantly in our ability to think and talk about things that are non-actual: people who are not actual (e.g., ‘There could have been a Tom Collins’1), events that did not happen (e.g., ‘He could have been spreading rumors’), ways in which events that happen do not happen (e.g., ‘Rome could have been built in a day’), etc. These expres...