This paper considers a key point of contention between classical and Bayesian statistics—the issue of stopping rules, or more generally, outcome spaces, and their influence on statistical analysis. Firstly, a working definition of classical and Bayesian statistical tests is given, which makes clear that i) once a test has been conducted and an outcome recorded, only the classical approach to in...

Patients are filtered by rigorously defined study selection criteria for recruitment into research; this is necessary to improve signal detection, internal validity, reduce study-related risks, and meet ethical standards. Research patients assessed managed in ways that differ from usual practice. So, neither nor the treatment environment resembles everyday treated This diminishes generalizabili...

Animals, including dogs, dolphins, monkeys and man, follow gaze. What mediates this bias towards the eyes? One hypothesis is that primates possess a distinct neural module that is uniquely tuned for the eyes of others. An alternative explanation is that configural face processing drives fixations to the middle of peoples' faces, which is where the eyes happen to be located. We distinguish betwe...

I generally read Howy Jacobs’s editorials with both interest and amusement, often enjoying his insight into a diverse range of topics. However, with reference to his June 2012 editorial, At the cliff’s edge, I think he has allowed himself to be completely misled. Howy states that, “political leaders are desperately in search of immediate and reliable advice on how best to handle the current fin...

Ethnic minorities tend to develop dual identities and therefore can face identity denials from two groups. We examine in studies the relation between experiences of denial as misgivings or a manifested mistrust one’s group membership both majority minority members. Based on integration threat literature, represents which means that stronger be expected associated with lower (a negative associat...