All teachers and students of physics have absorbed the doctrine that probability must be normalized. Nevertheless, there are problems for which the normalization factor only gets in the way. An important example of this counter-intuitive assertion is provided by the derivation of the thermodynamic entropy from the principles of statistical mechanics. Unnormalized probabilities provide a surpris...

the solubility of naproxen in binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol 200 (peg 200) + water at the temperature range from 298.0 k to 318.0 k were reported. the combinations of jouyban-acree model + van’t hoff and jouyban-acree model + partial solubility parameters were used to predict the solubility of naproxen in peg 200 + water mixtures at different temperatures. combination of jouyban-acree m...

the interaction of fe2+ ion with pyrazole was theoretically studied by gussian 03, software at hf/(lanl2dz+6-31g) and hf/ (lanl2dz+6-31g (d)) levels in gas phase and solution. in this study acompartion between optimized structures of pyrazole molecule in aspect of thermodynamicparameters such as enthalpy (h°), gibbs free energy (g°) and entropy (s°) in presence of metallic ion(fe2+), was perfor...

Using the holographic lightfront projection, which in the present context is not an independent principle but a consequence of the properties underlying the algebraic formulation of QFT, we derive an area law for the localization-entropy caused by vacuum polarization. Its area density is equal to the localization entropy of an associated auxiliary chiral theory. Its microscopic derivation with ...

Strongly supersaturated homogeneous calcium citrate solutions are formed spontaneously when solid sodium citrate and solid calcium hydroxycarboxylates are dissolved simultaneously in water or when solid sodium citrate is dissolved in an already saturated aqueous solution of the calcium hydroxycarboxylate at ambient conditions. Maximal supersaturation of calcium citrate was found to decrease for...

We present a simple model for scattering properties of polyelectrolyte gels at swelling equilibrium. In the weak screening limit where the Debye-Hfickel screening length is larger than the mesh size of the gel, the direct electrostatic interactions are negligible and the swelling is driven by the osmotic pressure of the counterions. The tension created by this pressure is transmitted through th...

Modelling cellular metabolism is a strategic factor in investigating microbial behaviour and interactions, especially for bio-technological processes. A key factor for modelling microbial activity is the calculation of nutrient amounts and products generated as a result of the microbial metabolism. Representing metabolic pathways through balanced reactions is a complex and time-consuming task f...

The mixed dissociation constant of azathioprine—chemically 6-(3-methyl-5-nitroimidazol-4-yl)sulfanyl-7Hpurine at various ionic strengths I of range 0.01-0.2, and at temperatures of 25°C and 37°C, was determined with the use of two different multiwavelength and multivariate treatments of spectral data, SPECFIT32 and SQUAD(84) nonlinear regression analyses and INDICES factor analysis according to...

Hydrogen diffusion is the main problem for corrosion fatigue in corrosive environment. In order to analyze the phenomenon, it is needed to understand their behaviors specially the hydrogen behavior during the diffusion. So, Hydrogen embrittlement and prediction its behavior as a main corrosive part of the fractions, needed to solve combinations of different equations mathematically. The main po...