[1] Global upper ocean evolution in the Holocene is studied in two coupled ocean-atmosphere models under orbital forcing conditions at 3, 6, 8, and 11 ka. The annual mean sea surface temperature (SST) changes in the early to mid-Holocene are found to be forced mainly by the annual mean insolation forcing with an overall symmetric response of colder equator (<0.5 C)/warmer high latitudes (<0.4 C...

for stratification in the Southern Ocean and the resulting strength of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (in which it is generally thought that eddy fluxes are indeed a significant factor). Moreover, predictions for other ocean basins give reasonable thermocline structures, hinting that this concept has much wider applicability than in just the Southern Ocean, and that a complete thermocline th...

[1] Subtropical cells (STCs) connect subduction zones of the eastern subtropics of both hemispheres to the equatorial current systems via equatorward flow in the thermocline. Some of this thermocline water is converted back into warm near-surface water in the eastern equatorial cold tongue from whence it is exported poleward. Here we examine the export pathways from the cold tongue in the Atlan...

Abstract Decadal variability of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) and its influence on upper thermocline mixed layer are examined in a four-dimensional variational ocean re-analysis for Western over 30 years (FORA–WNP30). The STMW that forms south Kuroshio Extension becomes thick/cold thin/warm decadal timescales. These variations subducted advected to south, where thick (thin) ca...

The shipboard measurements over approximately 55 years in the southwestern part of East Sea (Sea Japan) demonstrate a remarkable basin-wide, interannual-interdecadal variability temperature-based thickness Intermediate Water (ESIW) whose temporal shows strong correlation with density-based (r = 0.97). Relevant to long-term ESIW thickness, clear changes horizonal and vertical features have been ...

Testate amoebae are widely used as proxies in paleoecological reconstructions of lacustrine environments; however, our knowledge on their distribution along depth gradients limited. This study investigates the benthic testate a sampling gradient (0 to 57 m) and related environmental characteristics Lake Valdayskoe, Russia. In total, 101 species belonging twenty-one genera were identified. Four ...

We present a Pulleniatina obliquiloculata Mg/Ca-derived thermocline water temperature record (TWT) covering the last 270,000 years at south of Lombok Strait, one main exits Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) into Indian Ocean. The comparison with TWT records from Java-Sumatra upwelling system and Timor Sea suggests that changes in reflect balance between wind-driven Java ITF transport. show evolution...

Changes in surface wind stress can have a strong influence on the ocean circulation and, hence, on climate. Our focus here is on variations of tropical winds and their impact on the global mean surface temperature (GMST) on time scales from months to decades. The smallness of Coriolis parameter near the equator implies that even small changes in the local winds can translate into large changes ...

Satellite and in situ observations in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean during 2002–03 show dominant spectral peaks at 40–60 days and secondary peaks at 10–40 days in sea level and thermocline within the intraseasonal period band (10–80 days). A detailed investigation of the dynamics of the intraseasonal variations is carried out using an ocean general circulation model, namely, the Hybrid Coordina...

Abstract Part I of this study has shown that the tropical cyclones (TCs) over western North Pacific (WNP) can affect El Niño diversity. In part, we further explore possible mechanism phenomenon: Compared with composite situation all months, when preceding (3 months earlier) accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) is strong, Walker circulation weakened and east–west thermocline gradient reduced. The ea...