The global biodiversity crisis has motivated new theory and experiments that explore relationships between biodiversity (species richness and composition in particular), productivity and stability. Here we emphasize that these relationships are often bi-directional, such that changes in biodiversity can be both a cause and a consequence of changes in productivity and stability. We hypothesize t...

We show that there are two supersymmetric completions of the three-dimensional Chern-Simons theory of level k with gauge group U(N) × U(N) coupled to four sets of massless scalars and spinors in the bi-fundamental representation, if we require Sp(2) ⊂ SU(4) global symmetry with the matter fields in the fundamental representation of SU(4). One is the N = 6 superconformal theory recently studied ...

We extensively explore three different aspects of Born-Infeld (BI) type nonlinear $U(1)$ gauge-invariant modifications Maxwell's classical electrodynamics (also known as BI-type electrodynamics) and bring some new perspectives on these theories. First, within the framework exponential gauge theory, it is explicitly proved that although electric field at location elementary point charges not fin...

We propose a new bi-intuitionistic type theory called Dualized Type The-ory (DTT). It is a simple type theory with perfect intuitionistic duality, and correspondsto a single-sided polarized sequent calculus. We prove DTT strongly normalizing, andprove type preservation. DTT is based on a new propositional bi-intuitionistic logic calledDualized Intuitionistic Logic (DIL) that bui...

The microtubes are important structures in nano electromechanical system .in this study a nonlocal model is presented to investigate the static torsion behavior of microtubes made of bi-directional factionally graded material (BDFGM) subjected to a longitudinal magnetic field. Mechanical properties of BDFGM microtube varies in the radial and longitudinal direction according to an arbitrary func...

This paper introduces an approach for retrieving envelope of high-level object groupings in bi-level images with multiple objects. Motivated by studies in Gestalt theory, hierarchical clustering is used to detect the envelope and group its objects based on their spatial proximity, area, shape features and orientation. To decide the final grouping, the grouping outcomes are combined using an evi...

We propose an extension of rewriting techniques to derive inclusion relations a ⊆ b between terms built from monotonic operators. Instead of using only a rewriting relation ⊆ −→ and rewriting a to b, we use another rewriting relation ⊇ −→ as well and seek a common expression c such that a ⊆ −→ ∗ c and b ⊇ −→ ∗ c. Each component of the bi-rewriting system 〈 ⊆ −→, ⊇ −→〉 is allowed to be a subset ...