background: in general, measurements of solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation are related to horizontal surfaces. while the hu­mans walking and standing outdoors expose to the natural solar uv radiation, their eyes, cheeks, extremities, trunks, or many other anatomical sites are close to vertical plane and random orient to different directions. in this study, we character­ized the diurnal variations...

Using the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres Goddard Earth Observing System 5-yr analyses and the Zwack–Okossi equation as the diagnostic tool, the horizontal distribution of the dynamic and thermodynamic forcing processes contributing to the maintenance of a Northern Hemisphere midlatitude blocking anticyclone that occurred during the summer season were examined. During the development of this...

In this Letter we report experimental evidence that rotation enhances vertical inhomogeneity in turbulent convection, in spite of the increased columnar flow ordering under rotation. Measurements using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry have been carried out on turbulent rotating convection in water. At constant Rayleigh number Ra=1.11 x 10(9) several rotation rates have been used, so that...

Laminar free convection heat transfer from vertical and inclined arrays of horizontal isothermal cylinders in air was investigated experimentally and numerically. Experiments were carried out using Mach-Zehnder interferometer and the FLUENT code was used for numerical study. Investigation was performed for vertical and horizontal cylinder spacing from 2 to 5 and 0 to 2 cylinder diameters respec...

In the sub-mesoscale ocean vortices tend to be predominantly cyclonic [4]. Inertial instability (hereafter II), which is a centrifugal instability mechanism in the presence of the Coriolis force, is a destructive mechanism that acts only on anti-cyclones, and therefore is hypothesized to cause this asymmetry. Furthermore, since II is in fact the growth of the overturning vorticity, thus creatin...

The two main principles underlying the use of isentropic maps of potential vorticity to represent dynamical processes in the atmosphere are reviewed, including the extension of those principles to take the lower boundary condition into account. The first is the familiar Lagrangian conservation principle, for potential vorticity (PV) and potential temperature, which holds approximately when adve...

Deposition of silicon carbide (Sic) into two types of capillaries (1.5 mm dia. x 6 mm depth, 1.0 mm dia. x 4 mm depth) has been attempted by a vertical hot-wall-type chemical vapour infiltration (CVI) process using an SiCl4-CH4-H2 system. Dependence of the deposition temperature (Tdep) and the total gas pressure (Ptot) on the thickness distribution of Sic in the two types of the capillaries (pa...

This paper discusses a general method for approximating two-dimensional and quasigeostrophic three-dimensional fluid flows that are dominated by coherent lumps of vorticity. The method is based upon the noncanonical Hamiltonian structure of the ideal fluid and uses special functionals of the vorticity as dynamical variables. It permits the extraction of exact or approximate finite degree-of-fre...