Under what conditions, if any, do those the law addresses have a moral duty or obligation to obey it simply because it is the law? Political and legal theorists since Plato have developed a wide range of answers to this question, as well as numerous objections to those answers. This essay aims primarily to provide the newcomer with a point of entry into the debate over the existence and grounds...

The filters in Eclipse, a new cigarette-like smoking article marketed by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, are contaminated with glass fibers, fragments, and particles. Reported herein are the results of a study in which consumers were questioned about their opinions as to whether exposure to glass fibers in such a filter poses an added health risk beyond that from smoking and whether the manufac...

In this essay, I will evaluate the arguments put forth on the subject of “maternal obligation,” or those actions that a pregnant mother may (or may not) owe to the de­ veloping fetus within her body. I will compare those arguments of Margaret Little, who claims that mothers deserve more autonomy in determining maternal obligation based on the principles of stewardship and the norms of creation;...

ash'ari and the moste of mu'tazilite blive on the people must determine imam. based on their interpretation of this, there is two facts: first, the legal obligation is the religious necessity, not rational necessity, and secondly it is a task people not duty to god in this article we have tried to show the shi'te arguments on determine imam is a duty to god not people. such as: 1...

Because the goal of military medicine is salvaging the wounded who can return to duty, military medical ethics cannot easily defend devoting scarce resources to those so badly injured that they cannot return to duty. Instead, arguments turn to morale and political obligation to justify care for the seriously wounded. Neither argument is satisfactory. Care for the wounded is not necessary to mai...

Sir, the recent publication on “Publication Ethics” is very interesting (1). The article by Fazly Bazzaz and Sadeghi demonstrated many interesting cases                   of misconducts. Indeed, the misconducts can be seen  in many ways. As mentioned in the present publication, both author and editor can perform publication misconducts. Nevertheless, the problem has many more facets. Sometimes,...

Abstract This paper examines the claim that justice is necessary for a moral obligation to obey law. By reflecting on meaning of obedience, it identifies one version must be right and another wrong. It then focuses argument law most obviously includes claim: John Rawls’s from natural duty justice. More specifically, degree needed this ground