Employees make decisions every day about whether to contribute to others--and their willingness to help is crucial to group and organizational effectiveness. But in a competitive, often zero-sum, world of work, generosity can be a dangerous path. How can leaders foster it without cutting into productivity, undermining fairness, and allowing employees to become doormats? The key, explains Wharto...

There are a variety of reasons someone might engage in risky behaviors, such as perceived invulnerability to harm or a belief that negative outcomes are more likely for others than for oneself. However, these risk-taking biases are often measured at a decision-making level or from the developmental perspective. Here we assessed whether or not risk-taking influenced perceptual judgments associat...

A flexilevel test is a test that applies fixed branching techniques to select the items to be administered during a given test. In the study reported here, 180 first year Computer Science undergraduates took a test as part of their summative assessment for a programming module. The test was administered in 2 stages: one flexilevel test and one conventional test. The order in which the stages we...

A total of 9928 patients taking cimetidine and 9351 controls were recruited to a postmarketing drug surveillance study in Glasgow, Nottingham, Oxford, and Portsmouth. Takers were identified by the Prescription Pricing Bureau at Nottingham and by dispensing pharmacists at the other three centres. All but 1.2% of the takers and 1.6% of the controls were successfully followed up for one year durin...

Abstract Language learners today have access to a much wider choice of resources and language-support tools that aid their writing processes. While research on the convenience flexibility use in real-life activities argued for re-conceptualization ability, little is known about effect using them assessment setting. Accordingly, present study aimed examine whether L2 learners’ test might an perf...

The linguistic complexity of many text-based tests can be a source construct-irrelevant variance, as test-takers’ performance may affected by factors that are beyond the focus assessment itself, such reading comprehension skills. This experimental study examined extent to which use animated videos, opposed written text, could (i) reduce variance attributed language and skills (ii) impact reacti...