Jiro Kumaki,1 Takeji Hashimoto,1,2 and Steve Granick3 1Hashimoto Polymer Phasing Project, ERATO, JRDC, Keihanna Plaza, Seika, Kyoto 619-02, Japan 2Division of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-01, Japan 3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801 (Received 27 February 1996) Phase separation occurre...

Most of the world's living marine resources inhabit coastal environments, where average thermal conditions change predictably with latitude. These coastal latitudinal temperature gradients (CLTG) coincide with important ecological clines,e.g., in marine species diversity or adaptive genetic variations, but how tightly thermal and ecological gradients are linked remains unclear. A first step is ...

This Letter presents CO , CO , CO , and CO spectra of the irregular J p 3–2 J p 3–2 J p 3–2 J p 2–1 starburst galaxy M82 taken with the 15 m James Clerk Maxwell Telescope. All maps exhibit a double-peaked morphology, despite evidence that the higher J transitions are optically thick. This morphology suggests that the double-peaked structure is not the result of an edge-on torus of molecular gas...

Non-Maxwellian electron velocity distribution functions, computed for Dupree's 1972 model of the solar transition region in a previous paper, are used to calculate ionization rates for ions of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. Ionization equilibrium populations for these ions are then computed and compared with similar calculations assuming Maxwellian distribution functions for the electrons. The r...

In this study, the effect of the tube material on the thermal stress generated in a vertical shell and tube heat exchanger is investigated. Shell and tube heat exchangers are the most common heat exchangers used in industries. One of the most common failures in these exchangers in the industry is the tube failure at the junction of the tube to tubesheet. When the shell side and the tube side fl...

Animals store metabolic energy as electrochemical gradients. At least 50% of mammalian energy is expended to maintain electrochemical gradients across the inner mitochondrial membrane (H+), the sarcoplasmic reticulum (Ca++), and the plasma membrane (Na+/K+). The potential energy of these gradients can be used to perform work (e.g., transport molecules, stimulate contraction, and release hormone...

Leaf gas exchange and temperature response were measured to assess temperature acclimation within a tree canopy in climatically contrasting genotypes of Acer rubrum L. Over the course of two 50 d continuous periods, growth temperature was controlled within tree crowns and the steady-state rate of leaf gas exchange was measured. Data were then modelled to calculate the influence of genotype vari...

Thermoelectric generators (TEGs) are now capable of powering the abundant low power electronics from very small (just a few degrees Celsius) temperature gradients. This factor along with the continuously lowering cost and size of TEGs, has contributed to the growing number of miniaturized battery-free sensor modules powered by TEGs. In this article, we present the design of an ambient-powered w...