This paper reports on the influence of independent variables in the ethylene glycol/soda pulping of olive wood trimmings [viz. cooking temperature (165–195°C) and time (30–90 min), ethylene glycol concentration (5–15%), soda concentration (2.5–7.5%), and liquid/solid ratio (4/1–6/1)], on the yield and viscosity and holocellulose, -cellulose, and lignin contents of the pulps. By using a central ...

We investigate the relaxation of internal temperature and the concept of volume viscosity in nonequilibrium gas models derived from the kinetic theory. We first investigate a nonequilibrium gas model with two temperatures—translational and internal—where the volume viscosity is absent. We establish that, in a relaxation regime, the temperature difference becomes proportional to the divergence o...

S U M M A R Y Global circulation models are analysed using a temperature and strain-rate dependent rheology in order to refine previous estimates of the nature of mantle flow and plate driving forces. Based on temperature inferred from a tectonic model and seismic tomography, the suboceanic viscosity is lower than underneath continents by ∼ one order of magnitude. If net-rotations of the lithos...

OBJECTIVE To compare fluid thickeners composed of starch polysaccharide (STA), guar gum-based polysaccharide (GUA), and xanthan gum-based polysaccharide (XAN) with the use of a viscometer and a line spread test (LST) under various measurement conditions. METHODS The viscosity of thickened fluid with various concentrations (range, GUA 1%-4%, XAN 1%-6%, STA 1%-7%, at intervals of 1%) was measur...

the effect of the operating conditions (temperature, time, ph, enzyme level and pulp consistency) used in the enzymatic step of a xp (cartazyme-hydrogen peroxide) sequence for bleaching kraft pulp from bagasse on various properties of the resulting pulp and paper sheet products was studied. the quality of bagasse used, was examined by its yield, brightness,viscosity and the kappa number. finall...