This memo proposes a mechanism to upgrade HTTP/1.1 connections to use Transport Layer Security (TLS). Using an Upgrade: TLS/x.y request header would allow unsecured and secured traffic to share the same port (in this case, 80). A companion document describes the current practice of using a separate port for HTTP over TLS, .

We revisit the nulling interferometer performances that are needed for direct detection and the spectroscopic analysis of exoplanets, e.g., with the DARWIN [European Space Agency-SCI 12 (2000)] or TPF-I [JPL Publ. 05-5, (2005)] missions. Two types of requirement are found, one concerning the mean value of the instrumental nulling function (nl(lambda)) and another regarding its stability. The st...

Network collision is a known problem in CSMA/CA networks. This work presents a new solution to mitigate the issue of network collision. Our solution is fundamentally different from traditional random backoff methods in that a station can reasonably reuse a time slot in consecutive backoff cycles to achieve resource reservation. This solution can be readily used to enhance 802.11 DCF/EDCA with m...

To study the practice of investment decision-making in Estonia, first a written survey of 40 companies was carried out. More than half of respondents were found to use sophisticated (DCF-based) capital budgeting methods, which is a lower usage rate than that of large companies in western countries. This could be attributed to the short history of Estonian free market economy and the lack of app...

The major goals of NASA's Terrestrial Planet Finder (TPF) and the European Space Agency's Darwin missions are to detect terrestrial-sized extrasolar planets directly and to seek spectroscopic evidence of habitable conditions and life. Here we recommend wavelength ranges and spectral features for these missions. We assess known spectroscopic molecular band features of Earth, Venus, and Mars in t...

The spectacular success of eusocial insects can be attributed to their sophisticated cooperation, yet cooperation is conspicuously absent during colony foundation when queens are alone. Selection against this solitary stage has led to a dramatically different strategy in thousands of eusocial insect species in which colonies are started by groups of nestmates and the benefits of sociality are r...

Until now, there has been no standard method for domain names to use characters outside the ASCII repertoire. This document defines internationalized domain names (IDNs) and a mechanism called IDNA for handling them in a standard fashion. IDNs use characters drawn from a large repertoire (Unicode), but IDNA allows the non-ASCII characters to be represented using only the ASCII characters alread...

The class of functors known as discrete Conduch e brations forms a common generalization of discrete brations and discrete oppbrations, and shares many of the formal properties of these two classes. F. Lamarche 7] conjectured that, for any small category B, the category DCF=B of discrete Conduch e brations over B should be a topos. In this note we show that, although for suitable categories B t...

Farm structure and optimal farm size have always attracted the interest of research as they constitute some of the intense problems of farm efficiency and farm income. Although several approached have been employed to handle with this problem a real options approach can significantly contribute on this matter. This article provides an empirical example of applying real options approach in inves...

In this project report, we design a MAC protocol for direction-t0-directional (DtDMAC) transmission. We study the issues that face this type of transmission and then design an efficient protocol that is derived from the IEEE 802.11 DCF MAC protocol to address these issues. We present some preliminary simulation results that prove the feasibility of the proposed protocol.