corruption is almost exist in all human societies throughout thehistory. any continuation of corruption in different ages made most ofresearchers and policy makers to consider corruption as an inevitablepart of human being challenges (mukum, 2008).administrative corruption is common in most developed and/orunder –developed countries.in other words, there is no country in the world that has note...

a r t i c l e i n f o This paper analyses how the quality of governance, the size of public spending, and economic development affect the relationship between bureaucratic corruption and economic growth. The analysis shows that the interaction between corruption and governance shapes the efficiency of public spending, which in turn, determines the growth effects of corruption. Specifically, cor...

one of the best ways to encountering administrative corruption is identifying the factors of its emersion, prevalence and control. this paper aims to determine and prioritize those mentioned factors in educational system. research results showed that economic conditions of educational personnel have most important impact on tendency to commit corruption. also, administrative and managerial mech...

In this chapter I present some preliminary results on the nature of corruption and countervailing action in Pakistan, drawing on data extracted from newspapers. Once it is recognized that corruption creates losers as well as winners, some dramatic implications for the theory of corruption emerge. This leads to an analysis of the countervailing action taken by losers to offset their losses from ...

Corruption is an important economic variable but one that is extremely difficult to measure. As a result, researchers have resorted to using perception indexes as a proxy for true corruption. Recent studies suggest that perception measures are inaccurate, and have encouraged the use of methodologies that can measure fact-based corruption – corruption that actually takes place. In this paper, we...

This paper presents theoretical and empirical evidence on the nexus between corruption and democracy. We establish a political economy model where the effect of democracy on corruption is conditional on income distribution and property rights protection. Our empirical analysis with cross-national panel data provides evidence that is consistent with the theoretical prediction. Moreover, the effe...

Concurrent programs are widespread in modern systems. They make better use of processor resources but inevitably introduce a new set problems terms reliability and security. Concurrency bugs usually lead to program crashes unexpected behavior, an active research topic. From security perspective, concurrency vulnerabilities those that exhibit harmful behavior exclusively concurrent executions. c...