The mechanical actions of various ankle muscles were changed by surgically crossing or transferring the tendons in kittens. After the kittens grew to adults, both hindlimbs were implanted with multiple electromyogram (EMG) recording and cutaneous nerve stimulation electrodes to compare the activity of altered and normal muscles. The tendon transfers showed a remarkable tendency to regrow toward...

Although activity of the rectus femoris (RF) differs from that of the other synergists in quadriceps femoris muscle group during physical activities in humans, it has been suggested that the activation pattern of the vastus intermedius (VI) is similar to that of the RF. The purpose of present study was to examine activation of the VI during isometric hip flexion. Ten healthy men performed isome...

A CENTRIPETAL impulse volley traversing the myelinated afferent fibers in the nerve to a given muscle, or fraction thereof, is known to provoke a variety of reflex effects (4). By direct, or monosynaptic impingement upon motor nuclei it promotes the discharge of homonymous motoneurons, which is to say motoneurons supplying that given muscle or muscle fraction; it facilitates the response of mot...

In the last decades, bacterial resistance to antimicrobials has become a serious threat to clinical and public health. Traditional methods of antibiotic discovery have failed to get new alternatives and solutions to face the fast rhythmus of resistance evolution. Therefore, new strategies to control bacterial infections are highly desirable. The therapeutic value of plant extracts is well-known...

Starved first instar Aedes aegypti larvae were 35-fold more sensitive to Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis (Bti) toxins than fed larvae. Feeding larvae Pichia pastoris yeast cells expressing tmfA (synthetic gene coding for the Trypsin Modulating Oostatic Factor of Ae. aegypti) together with Escherichia coli cells expressing Bti toxin genes (cry4Aa, cry11Aa, cyt1Aa and p20) indicate that...

ZwittermicinA acts synergisticallywith the insecticidal activity ofBacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstakiBerliner against gypsymoth (Lymantria dispar (L.)) larvae. The objective of this study was to assess the inßuence of insect source and diet on this synergy. Zwittermicin A increased the mortality caused by B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in gypsy moths collected from four population sources...

The present study was designed to explore how the interaction between the fascicles and tendinous tissues is involved in storage and utilization of elastic energy during human walking. Eight male subjects walked with a natural cadence (1.4 +/- 0.1 m/s) on a 10-m-long force plate system. In vivo techniques were employed to record the Achilles tendon force and to scan real-time fascicle lengths f...

The use of extracts of rosemary and other spices to combat oxidative rancidity is generating increased interest with consumer concerns over the use of synthetic antioxidants. Spice extracts are of interest because they have the advantage of being labeled as spices or natural flavors. The objective of this study was to evaluate the rancidity inhibition and color stability properties of various a...

The aim of the study was to determine whether chronic muscle overload has measurable effect on electrophysiological properties of motoneurons (MNs), and whether duration of this overload influences intensity of adaptations. The compensatory overload was induced in the rat medial gastrocnemius (MG) by bilateral tenotomy of its synergists (lateral gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantaris); as a resul...

Three Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, populations, from Ardabil, Bostanabaad and Ajabshir, were collected from potato fields in East Azarbaijan and Ardabil provinces in Iran and assayed for resistance to endosulfan. Possible resistance mechanisms were investigated using synergism studies and biochemical assays. Laboratory tests showed that the Bostanabaad strain was 220 and 1...