in the late decades of the 20th century, urban planners, due to the environmental worries arising from modernist urbanism looked for paradigms of new sustainable development regarding ideal city forms, since urban sprawl and horizontal expanse of cities lead to different socio–economic and structural disorders; therefore , during the recent decades , planners who are unanimously heading for sus...

this paper examines the application of a gis based planning support system, what if? tm, to evaluate alternative growth policies for sustainable urban growth in a rapidly growing city of iran. the paper describes the study area, dorood city, and the what if? model. it then explains the procedures that were used to obtain the required data and to run the model to dorood city. the paper concludes...

The Biosphere Reserve (BR) model of UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere Programme reflects a shift towards more accountable conservation. Biosphere Reserves attempt to reconcile environmental protection with sustainable development; they explicitly acknowledge humans, and human interests in the conservation landscape while still maintaining the ecological values of existing protected areas. Conceptu...

Jacob L. slusser works for the Environmental leadership and Training initiative (ElTi), smithsonian Tropical research institute (sTri), ancón, panama city, panama; Alicia Calle is at the university of california-santa cruz, santa cruz, usa; and eva Garen works for the Environmental leadership and Training initiative (ElTi), Yale university, new haven, connecticut, usa. 1.2 sustainable ranching ...