We determined the lattice contraction of nanocrystalline anatase (TiO(2)) as a function of particle size ( approximately 4-34 nm) using X-ray diffraction and Rietveld analysis. Surface free energy (gamma) of nanocrystalline anatase was derived from these data from an integration of the surface stress calculated from the lattice contraction. Our results revealed an unexpected strong size depende...

As a droplet moves, due to evaporation at the surface, the droplet size is gradually reduced. Due to decreasing the size of the droplets moving in the spray core, the surface charges become closer and the repulsive force between the charges increases. When the Coulombic force overcomes the surface tension force (Rayleigh instability) the droplet breaks into smaller droplets (Coulomb fission). T...

an investigation on the thermal performance of the soil as geothermal heat energy storage medium has been conducted. the thermal characteristics of the soil storage and the heat transfer from a heat exchanger in the soil, surrounding and bottom surface will be discussed. this investigation forms a contribution to a project to realize such storage to be charged from a solar heating system. this ...

geothermal energy serves as a renewable and clean energy. thanks to its great advantages such as relatively harmless, low costs and environmental friendly, it may be a good substitute for fossil fuels. in the present study, a geothermal survey is conducted in an area prone geothermal ferdows of south khorasan province in eastern iran using etm+ data landsat 7 geo-referenced to topography map in...

abstract bottom intake is one of the most appropriate systems for diverting discharge in steep rivers. bottom intake with porous media is a new system of diverting discharge which can be replaced by bottom rack intakes. to investigate the hydraulic flow characteristics on diverted discharge of this intake, an experimental model was designed in which the inflow, diverted discharge and remained f...

the rational cubic function with three parameters has been extended to rational bi-cubic function to visualize the shape of regular convex surface data. the rational bi-cubic function involves six parameters in each rectangular patch. data dependent constraints are derived on four of these parameters to visualize the shape of convex surface data while other two are free to refine the shape of s...

An Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used to analyse the capillary rise in porous media. Wetting experiments were performed with fifteen liquids and fifteen different powders. The liquids covered a wide range  of  surface  tension ( 15.45-71.99  mJ/m2 )  and  viscosity (0.25-21 mPa.s). The powders also provided an acceptable range of particle size (0.012-45 μm) and surface free...

Vapor-phase molecules are adsorbed at air-water interfaces to a much greater extent than can be explained by air-water partition coefficients, indicating that interface adsorption can play an important role, and this can be very important for environmental phenomena. On the basis of a statistical thermodynamic analysis, we separate the observable free energy of adsorption into a dimensionality ...

We discuss several new results concerning free boundary problems for free anisotropic surface energies. The boundary terms contain wetting and line tension. Introduction An anisotropic surface energy is one that depends on the direction of a surface at each point. They were introduced by Josiah Gibbs to model the equilibrium shape of a crystal [16]. Whereas the surface energy of a liquid drop i...

This review is concerned primarily with the correlation between the interfacial interactions and the constitutive properties of low-energy organic surfaces. It starts with a discussion on the estimation of the surface free energy of organic solids from contact angles, followed by a review of the surface energetics and adhesion. The experimental measurements of surface free energy, in most cases...