Some medical researchers and commentators on tests of medical treatments recognized more than two centuries ago that conclusions about the effects of treatments should be based on adequate numbers of people. From the middle of the 19th century onwards, the importance of the ‘law of large numbers’ became acknowledged increasingly within medical research. In 1840, for example, Jules Gavarret note...

In 1936 Tarski sketched a rigorous definition of the concept of logical consequence which, he claimed, agreed quite well with common usage—or, as he also said, with the common concept of consequence. Commentators of Tarski’s paper have usually been elusive as to what this common concept is. However, being clear on this issue is important to decide whether Tarski’s definition failed (as Etchemen...

Our target article proposed a dual-system framework for understanding context and task effects in choice. In this summary, we address the major points made by each set of commentators and, building on their suggestions, define a more precise dual-system theory of preference construction. We also propose some avenues for future research on a broader dual-system approach to understanding choice. ...

The scholarly literature on Russia’s influence in Europe has so far mainly focused activities, discussed either as ‘disinformation’ or ‘soft power’. Less attention been paid to understanding the agency of European audiences receptive Russian narratives. Through discourse analysis Norwegian media texts (February 2014 – December 2020) where authors interviewees accepted were prone accept Crimea p...

In computer-supported cooperative work and computer-mediated communication several concepts and systems for remote interaction have been developed within the last decades. For instance, media spaces are systems that ‘support distributed work groups through access to information that supports general awareness’, which ‘may lead to informal interactions, spontaneous connections...’ [5]. They were...

Online communities provide a social sphere for people to share information and knowledge. while information sharing is becoming a ubiquitous online phenomenon, how to ensure information quality or induce quality content remains a challenge because of the anonymity of commentators. this paper introduces moderation into reputation systems. we show that moderation directly affects strategic commen...