Cronobacter (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a genus comprising seven species regarded as opportunistic pathogens that can be found in a wide variety of environments and foods, including powdered infant formula (PIF). Cronobacter sakazakii, the major species of this genus, has been epidemiologically linked to cases of bacteremia, meningitis in neonates, and necrotizing enterocoliti...

This paper shows that the subtyping relation of a higher-order lambda calculus, F ! , is anti-symmetric. It exhibits the rst such proof, establishing in the process that the subtyping relation is a partial order| reeexive, transitive and anti-symmetric. While a sub-typing relation is reeexive and transitive by deeni-tion, anti-symmetry is a derived property. The result, which may seem obvious t...

For many object-oriented database applications taxonomies with a setinclusion semantics among the type extents are essential. In practical cases, however, common object-oriented modeling techniques often do not result in taxonomies as they ignore application specific constraints. We will elaborate that especially in domains like CAD or similar engineering environments integrity constraints on t...

The problem of deening and checking a subtype relation between recursive types was studied in AC93] for a rst order type system, but for second order systems, which combine subtyping and parametric polymorphism, only negative results are known Ghe93b]. This paper studies the problem of subtype checking for recursive types in system kernel Fun, a typed-calculus with subtyping and bounded second ...

Subtyping is undoubtedly useful for the support of incremental reenement and reuse of software components , a crucial feature of object-oriented languages. Types and subtyping for concurrent languages are not yet explored suuciently and tend to be less exible than desired. We propose a principle of dealing with very exible types in concurrent languages. The corresponding type model ensures that...

The methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clonal group known as ST239-MRSA-III is notable for its hybrid origin and for causing sustained hospital epidemics worldwide since the late 1970s. We studied the population structure of this MRSA clonal group using a sample of 111 isolates that were collected over 34 years from 29 countries. Genetic variation was assessed using typing metho...