This paper presents a novel analytical technique of examining the avalanche characteristics of cryptographic substitution boxes (s-boxes) using the Walsh Hadamard spectral analysis of their Boolean maps. Avalanche is a desirable cryptographic property that is necessary to ensure that a cipher is not susceptible to statistical attacks and small difference between two plaintexts results in a sign...

Exploiting a spectral criterion for a system not to be AT we give some new examples of zero entropy systems without the AT property. Our examples include those with finite spectral multiplicity – in particular we show that the system arising from the Rudin-Shapiro substitution is not AT. We also show that some nil-rotations on a quotient of the Heisenberg group as well as some (generalized) Gau...

Compliance is a basic property of web-service architectures that ensures the absence of deadlocks and livelocks during execution. Following recent attempts in the literature, we interpret compliance as an experiment, much like the experiments made by a test process in testing theories, and use it as the basis for a notion of compliance preserving substitution of components within a composition ...

We have explored the possibility of ferromagnetic semiconducting property in the epitaxial thin films of LaFe1−xNixO3 x=0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 grown on 001 oriented LaAlO3 substrate. We observe that substitution of Ni in the series leads to the increase in conductivity of the samples with conduction being controlled by the disorder-induced localization of charge carriers. All these samples show ferr...

For each clone C on a set A there is an associated equivalence relation, called C-equivalence, on the set of all operations on A, which relates two operations iff each one is a substitution instance of the other using operations from C. In this paper we prove that if C is a discriminator clone on a finite set, then there are only finitely many C-equivalence classes. Moreover, we show that the s...

αCheck is a light-weight property-based testing tool built on top of αProlog, a logic programming language based on nominal logic. αProlog is particularly suited to the validation of the meta-theory of formal systems, for example correctness of compiler translations involving name-binding, alpha-equivalence and capture-avoiding substitution. In this paper we describe an alternative to the negat...

Inspired by the classical theory of modules over a monoid, we introduce the natural notion of module over a monad. The associated notion of morphism of left modules (”linear” natural transformations) captures an important property of compatibility with substitution, not only in the so-called homogeneous case but also in the heterogeneous case where ”terms” and variables therein could be of diff...

i) ‘English is neutral’ since no cultural requirements are tied to the learning of English, [...] English belongs to everyone or no one, or at least is quite often regarded as having this property. Ronald Wardhaugh (1987) ii) ‘English is imperialist’ What is at stake when English spreads is not merely the substitution or displacement of one language by another [...] from an awareness of this as...

We estimate random-parameter logit models of anglers ' choice of fishing site. The models generalize logit by allowing coefficients to vary randomly over anglers rather than being fixed. The models do not exhIbit the restrictive "independence from irrelevant alternatives property of logit and can represent any substitution pattern. Estimation explicitly accounts for the fact that the variation ...

objective: silicon is an effective element in bone biomineralization; hence si-substituted hydroxyapatite can be a relevant bioceramic as bone materials substitution. materials and methods: stoichiometric hydroxyapatite (ha) and si-substituted hydroxyapatite (si-ha) with different contents of si substitution were synthesized successfully by a hydrothermal method using ca(no3)2, (nh4)3po4 or (n...